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1、作者简介：DanielDefoe(1660-1731)Englishnovelist,pamphleteer,andjournalist,ismostfamousastheauthorofRobinsonCrusoe(1719),astoryofamanshipwreckedaloneonanisland.AlongwithSamuelRichardson,DefoeisconsideredthefounderoftheEnglishnovel.DefoewasbornasthesonofJamesFoe,abutche
2、rofStrokeNewington.HestudiedatCharlesMorton'sAcademy,London.AlthoughhisNonconformistfatherintendedhimfortheministry,Defoeplungedintopoliticsandtrade,travelingextensivelyinEurope.Intheearly1680sDefoewasacommissionmerchantinCornhillbutwentbankruptin1691.In1684hemar
3、riedMaryTruffle;theyhadtwosonsandfivedaughters.Defoeearnedfameandroyalfavorwithhissatiricalpoem"TheTruebornEnglishman"(1701).In1702DefoewrotehisfamouspamphletTheShortestWayWithDissenters.HimselfaDissenterhemimickedtheextremeattitudesofHighAnglicanToriesandpretend
4、edtoarguefortheexterminationofallDissenters.Nobodywasamused;DefoewasarrestedandpilloriedinMay1703.WhileinprisonDefoewroteamockode,"HymnToThePillory"(1703).Thepoemwassoldinthestreets,theaudiencedranktohishealthwhilehestoodinthepilloryandreadaloudhisverses.WhentheT
5、oriesfellfrompowerDefoecontinuedtocarryoutintelligenceworkfortheWhiggovernment.InhisowndaysDefoewasregardedasanunscrupulous,diabolicaljournalist.Defoewasoneofthefirsttowritestoriesaboutbelievablecharactersinrealisticsituationsusingsimpleprose.Heachievedliteraryim
6、mortalitywheninApril1719hepublishedRobinsonCrusoe,whichwasbasedpartlyonthememoirsofvoyagersandcastaways,suchasAlexanderSelkirk.Duringtheremainingyears,Defoeconcentratedonbooksratherthanpamphlets.AmonghisworksareMollFlanders(1722),AJournalOfThePlagueYear(1722)andC
7、aptainJack(1722)Hislastgreatworkoffiction,Roxana,appearedin1724.Inthe1720sDefoehadceasedtobepoliticallycontroversialinhiswritings,andheproducedseveralhistoricalworks,aguidebookandTheGreatLawOfSubordinationConsidered(1724),anexaminationofthetreatmentofservants.Phe
8、nomenallyindustrious,Defoeproducedinhislastyearsalsoworksinvolvingthesupernatural,ThePoliticalHistoryofTheEvil(1726)andAnEssayOnTheHistoryAndRealityofapparitio
