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1、MicroelectronicTechnologyEnglishCrystalGrowthWrittenby:Z·GuevaraElectronictechnologyscienceClassTwoNumber:2011221105200198I.AbouttheConceptAcrystalisamaterialwhoseconstituentatoms,molecules,orionsarearrangedinanorderlyrepeatingpatternextendinginallthr
2、eespatialdimensions.Crystalgrowthisamajorstageofacrystallizationprocess,andconsistsintheadditionofnewatoms,ions,orpolymerstringsintothecharacteristicarrangementofacrystallineBravaislattice.Soacrystalischaracterizedbyregulararrangementofatomsormolecule
3、s.SingleCrystals,inonetype,ismacroscopicsampleswithlong-rangealignmentofperiodicatomicstructure,orPolycrystallinecrystals,oftennicknamed“powder”samples–manyrandomlyorientedmicroscopic.Thegrowthtypicallyfollowsaninitialstageofeitherhomogeneousorheterog
4、eneousnucleation,purposelyaddedtostartthegrowth.II.ProcessandmechanismofCrystalGrowthTheactionofcrystalgrowthyieldsacrystallinesolidwhoseatomsormoleculesaretypicallyclosepacked,withfixedpositioninspacerelativetoeachother.Experimentalandtheoreticalcont
5、ributionsarepublishedinthefollowingfields:theoryofnucleationandgrowth,molecularkineticsandtransportphenomena,crystallizationinviscousmediasuchaspolymersandglasses;crystalgrowthofmetals,minerals,semiconductors,superconductors,magnetics,inorganic,organi
6、candbiologicalsubstancesinbulkorasthinfilms;molecularbeamepitaxy,chemicalvapordeposition.TheLaserisnumberedamongthemostmiraculousgiftsofnatureandlendsitselftoavarietyofapplications.lasersystembasedonopticallyactivecentersorionsininsulatorhostmaterials
7、,asitsopticalspectroscopicpropertiesarevitaltoitsperformance.Materialpropertiesaredeterminedbythepropertiesofthehostmaterial,thepropertiesoftheopticallyactiveions,andthemutualinteractionbetweenthehostandthedopantions.Themostfundamentalrequirementforal
8、asermaterialisthatitcanbeeasilyandeconomicallyproducedwithhighqualityinlargeamountsanddifferentsizes.Stabilitywithrespecttolocalenvironmentalchangessuchastemperature,humidity,stress,thermaleffects,andthermallensing.Itispossibletoput2typesofion
