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1、Ⅰ. 1.Olmsted:FrederickLawOlmstedJr.(1870--1975),Americanlandscapearchitect.AHarvardgraduate(1894),hestudiedunderhisfather,FredcrickLawOlmsted,andbeganpracticeaslandscapearchitectin1895.HewaslandscapearchitectfortheMetropolitanParkSystemofBoston,1898--1920;BaltimoreParkandParkC
2、ommission,1902--1917;memberoftheNationalCapitalParkandPlanningCommissionin1929,andagainfrom1945.Heactedinconsultingcapacityforanddesignedportionsoftheparksorotherpublicimprovementsofmanytownsandcitiesandnumerousinstiutions,landsubdivisions,andprivateproperties.Amonghisdesignsi
3、nWashingtonD.C.werethoseforRockCreekandAna-costiaParks,theMall,andtheWhiteHousegrounds.Hewrotenumerousarticlesandreportsonprofessionalsubjects. 2.Bach.JohnSebastianBach(1685--1750),Germancomposerandorganist,oneofthegreatestandmostinfluentialcomposersoftheWesternWorld.Hebrought
4、poly-phonicbaroquemusictoitsculmination,creatingmasterfulandvigorousworksinalmosteverymusicalformknowninhisperiod.Bornintoagiftedfamily,Bachwasdevotedtomusicfromchildhood;hewastaughtbyhisfatherandlaterbyhisbrotherJohanncristoph.Hiseducationwasacquiredlargelythroughindependents
5、tudies. SincefewofBach'smanyworkswerepublishedinhislifetime,exactdatescannotbefixedforallofthem,butmostcanbeplacedwithsomecertaintyintheperiodsofhislife.AtArnstadtandMiihlhausenhebeganaseriesoforgancompositionsthatculminatedinthegreatworksoftheWeimarperiod;thePassacagliaandFug
6、ueinCMi-nor.AtCothenheconcentratedoninstrumentalcompositions,especiallykeyboardworks:theChromaticFantasyandFugue;theEnglishSuites;andBookIofthecelebrated7"heWell-Tempered-Clavier.Healsowroteseveralun-accompainiedviolinSonatasandcellosuites,andtheBrandenburgConcertos,recognised
7、asthebestconcertigrossievercomposed.AsmusicaldirectorofStThomasatLeipzig,hecomposedmanyofhissuperbreligiouscompositions,theChristmasOratorio,theSt.]~lathewPassion,etc.TheprincipalkeyboardworksofthisperiodwereBookⅡofTheWell-TemperedClavierandthefourbooksofclavierpiecesintheClav
8、ierCibung,whichincludes:sixpartitas(1726--1731)~theItalianCon
