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1、LovingandHatingNewYork练习题答案/answerⅠ. 1.Olmsted:FrederickLawOlmstedJr.(1870--1975),Americanlandscapearchitect.AHarvardgraduate(1894),hestudiedunderhisfather,FredcrickLawOlmsted,andbeganpracticeaslandscapearchitectin1895.HewaslandscapearchitectfortheMetropolitanParkSystemofBoston,1898--192
2、0;BaltimoreParkandParkCommission,1902--1917;memberoftheNationalCapitalParkandPlanningCommissionin1929,andagainfrom1945.Heactedinconsultingcapacityforanddesignedportionsoftheparksorotherpublicimprovementsofmanytownsandcitiesandnumerousinstiutions,landsubdivisions,andprivateproperties.Amon
3、ghisdesignsinWashingtonD.C.werethoseforRockCreekandAna-costiaParks,theMall,andtheWhiteHousegrounds.Hewrotenumerousarticlesandreportsonprofessionalsubjects. 2.Bach.JohnSebastianBach(1685--1750),Germancomposerandorganist,oneofthegreatestandmostinfluentialcomposersoftheWesternWorld.Hebroug
4、htpoly-phonicbaroquemusictoitsculmination,creatingmasterfulandvigorousworksinalmosteverymusicalformknowninhisperiod.Bornintoagiftedfamily,Bachwasdevotedtomusicfromchildhood;hewastaughtbyhisfatherandlaterbyhisbrotherJohanncristoph.Hiseducationwasacquiredlargelythroughindependentstudies.
5、SincefewofBach'smanyworkswerepublishedinhislifetime,exactdatescannotbefixedforallofthem,butmostcanbeplacedwithsomecertaintyintheperiodsofhislife.AtArnstadtandMiihlhausenhebeganaseriesoforgancompositionsthatculminatedinthegreatworksoftheWeimarperiod;thePassacagliaandFugueinCMi-nor.AtCothe
6、nheconcentratedoninstrumentalcompositions,especiallykeyboardworks:theChromaticFantasyandFugue;theEnglishSuites;andBookIofthecelebrated7"heWell-Tempered-Clavier.Healsowroteseveralun-accompainiedviolinSonatasandcellosuites,andtheBrandenburgConcertos,recognisedasthebestconcertigrossievercom
7、posed.AsmusicaldirectorofStThomasatLeipzig,hecomposedmanyofhissuperbreligiouscompositions,theChristmasOratorio,theSt.]~lathewPassion,etc.TheprincipalkeyboardworksofthisperiodwereBookⅡofTheWell-TemperedClavierandthefourbooksofclavierpiecesintheClavierCibung,whichincludes:s
