5. The sounds of language

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1、5Thesoundsoflanguage5.1Phonetics5.2Articulation:Voiced&Voiceless5.3Consonants5.3.1PlaceofarticulationBilabialsLabiodentalsDentalsAlveolarsAlveo-palatalsVelarsGlottals5.3.2MannerofarticulationStopsFricativesAffricatesNasalsApproximantsGlottalstopFlap5.4Vowels5.4.1Monophthongs5.4.2Diphthongs5.1Phoneti

2、csPhonetics语音学-thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsuArticulatoryphonetics发音语音学²-thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,or‘articulated’.vAcousticphonetics声学语音学-dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwaves‘intheair’.wAuditory/Perceptualphonetics听觉语音学-dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspe

3、echsoundsxForensicphonetics法律语音学-hasapplicationsinlegalcasesinvolvingspeakeridentificationandtheanalysisofrecordedutterances5.2Articulation:voiced&voicelessArtitulatoryphonetics–weinvestigatehowspeechsoundsareproducedusingthefairlycomplexoralequipmentwehaveuWhenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfrom

4、thelungspassesbetweenthemunimpededunimpeded 未受妨碍的;未受阻止的notinterruptedordelayed.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless.vWhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationvibration [vaɪ'breɪʃn]颤动;震动;振动;摆动acontinuousslightshakingmov

5、ementeffect.Soundsproducesinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.5.3Consonants5.3.1Placeofarticulation-theplaceofarticulationofthesound,thatis,thelocation,insidethemouth,atwhichtheconstrictiontakesplacejBilabials双唇音-soundsformedusingboth(=bi)upperandlowerlips(=labia)Ë[p][b][m][w]Labiodentals唇齿音–soundsformedw

6、iththeupperteethandthelowerlip.Ë[f][v]Dentals齿音–soundsformedwiththetonguetipbehindtheupperfrontteethInterdental齿间音–soundsformedwiththetonguetipbetween(=inter)theupperandlowerteethË[θ][ð]Alveolars齿龈音–soundsformedwiththefrontpartofthetongueonthealveolarridge(alveolarridgeistherough,bonyridgeimmediatel

7、ybehindtheupperteeth)alveolar齿龈音的，齿槽音的LinguisticsFormedwiththetipofthetonguetouchingorneartheinnerridgeofthegumsoftheupperfrontteeth,astheEnglisht,d, ands. 【语言学】用舌尖接触或靠近上前牙龈内侧边缘而形成的发音，如英语语音t,d,和salveo