Velleman-Practical Reflection

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1、PRACTICALREFLECTION*J.DavidVellemanCONTENTSPREFACETOTHEONLINEEDITIONINTRODUCTIONCHAPTERONE:SELF-UNDERSTANDINGCHAPTERTWO:SELF-AWARENESSCHAPTERTHREE:PRACTICALREASONINGCHAPTERFOUR:INTENTIONSCHAPTERFIVE:FREEDOMCHAPTERSIX:AUTONOMYCHAPTERSEVEN:REASONSFORACTINGCHAPTEREIGHT:INTOTHEF

2、UTURECHAPTERNINE:BELOWTHESURFACECHAPTERTEN:EVALUATIVEREASONINGCHAPTERELEVEN:MORALITYPracticalReflectionPREFACEPracticalReflectionwaspublishedin1989byPrincetonUniversityPress;itwentoutofprintin1996.Iammakingthebookavailableagainbecauseitisfrequentlymentionedinthenotesofmysubs

3、equentpapersinthephilosophyofaction,someofwhicharereprintedinThePossibilityofPracticalReason(OxfordUniversityPress,2001).Theworkofpreparingthiselectroniceditionwasdoneprimarilyby:KatherineFrischandherstaffattheTannerPhilosophyLibrary;JohnPrice-WilkinandBillHallattheDigitalLi

4、braryProductionServices;andEvanBridgesVelleman.ThanksarealsoduetoSusanHollarandthestaffattheKnowledgeNavigationCenterintheHatcherGraduateLibrary.Thisversionofthebookpreservesthepaginationandline-breaksoftheprintedversion.J.DavidVellemanDepartmentofPhilosophyUniversityofMichi

5、gan,AnnArbor(C)1999J.DavidVellemanINTRODUCTIONTHEIMAGEWhatdoyouseewhenyoulookatyourfaceinthemirror?Theobviousansweristhatyouseeyourfacelookinginthemirror.Butthisobviousanswerfailstoacknowledgethefactthatafacelook-inginthemirrorisactuallydoingtwothings--tryingtoseeitselfandpr

6、esentingitselftobeseen.Sometimesthesetwoactivitiesarevisiblydistinct.Whenyouexamineamoleonyourchin,forexample,youdon'tjustloweryourgazeuntilitlightsonthatpartofyourreflection;youalsojutoutyourchin,untilitinterceptsyourreflectedgaze.Inthiscase,there'snomistakingthefactthatthe

7、faceinthemirrorisbothseekingitselfandshowingitselfsimultaneously.Yetevenwhenyourfacejuststaresoutatyou,flatfooted,itbearsthesametwoaspects:itisbotheyeingyou,inordertoseeyou,andfacingyou,inordertobeseen.Thisbookisaboutthenatureofarationalagent.Itsthesisisthis:Ifyouwanttoknoww

8、hatarationalagentmightbelike,justlookinthemirror.THEQUESTIONSTothedeliberat