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1、paulvincentspadeIntroductionStandardhistorieshavelongrecognizedthatthethreemostimpor-tantfiguresinthephilosophyoftheHighMiddleAgeswereThomasAquinas(1224/5–74),JohnDunsScotus(c.1266–1308),andWilliamofOckham(c.1288–1347).1Ofthethree,Aquinasiscomparativelywellknowntomodernr
2、eaders,whereasScotusandOckhamlargelyremainmerenames.EvenAquinas,however,ismoreforeigntostudentsthanPlatoandAristotleare,muchlessDescartesorHume.Indeed,asKretzmannandStumphaveobservedinTheCambridgeCompaniontoAquinas,2suchunfamiliarityischaracteristicofallmedievalphilosop
3、hy.3Thissadfactispartlyduetothescarcityoftranslationsbutmorefunda-mentallytothelackofreliablemoderneditionsofprimarytextsandthusofgoodcriticalanalysesandstudiesoftheminthesecondaryliterature.Thesituationdoesnotarisefromanylackofrawmaterialsbutin-stead,itmightbeargued,fr
4、omjusttheopposite.Therearemanyearlyprintededitionsfromthelatefifteenthandearlysixteenthcenturiesandanenormousnumberofsurvivingmanuscriptsofmedievalphi-losophyandtheology.Buttheearlyeditionsareoftenunreliable,whereasthemanuscriptsfrequentlypresentwildlydifferentversionsof
5、thesamework.Theyarewritteninahighlycompressedandar-canesystemofabbreviation,akindofshorthandthatrequiresspecialtrainingtoread;earlyprintededitionsoftenretainthesamesystem.Frequentlythemanuscriptsareincompletelycatalogedornotcata-logedatall,andthustheircontentsarediscove
6、redonlybychance.Insuchcircumstances,itisacomplicatedandpainstakingbusi-nesstoproduceareliable,moderneditionofaphilosophicaltext,andwithoutsucheditionstherecanofcoursebenousefultranslationsor1CambridgeCompanionsOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,20062thecambridgecompanionto
7、ockhamcriticalstudies.Itisnowonder,therefore,thatevenamajorphiloso-pherlikeOckhamremainslargelyunknowntomodernreaders.Nevertheless,thesituationhasimproveddramaticallyinrecentdecades.Newandexcellenteditionsofmanyworksandauthorshaveappeared.Ockhaminparticularhasbenefited,a
8、ndwearenowinapositiontobegintoappreciateandassessmoreconfidentlyhistrueplaceinthehistoryofphilosophy.Thisdevelo
