【剑桥哲学指南】皮尔士

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1、cherylmisak1CharlesSandersPeirce(1839–1914)1.introductionCharlesSandersPeircewasthefounderofpragmatism–theviewthatourtheoriesmustbelinkedtoexperienceorpractice.Hisworkisstaggeringinitsbreadthandmuchofitliesinahugebulkofmanuscriptsandscraps.Hisfewpublis

2、hedpapersincludethoseofthe1870sseriesinPopularScienceMonthlycalled“IllustrationsoftheLogicofScience,”mostnotably“HowtoMakeOurIdeasClear”and“TheFixationofBelief.”HisLowellLecturesin1898and1903andhisHarvardPragmatismLecturesin1903alsocontainessentialmate

3、rial.Butmuchofwhatisimportantisonlynowbeingpublishedinthedefinitivechronologicaledition:TheWritingsofCharlesSandersPeirce.Peircewasadifficultmanandthiswasnodoubtpartlyrespon-sibleforhisbeingfrozenoutofwhathemostdesired:apermanentacademicposition.1Hewor

4、kedinsteadfortheU.S.CoastSurvey–hisscientificandmathematicalendeavorstherehadasignificantinfluenceonhislogic,onhisworkinstatisticalinference,andonhisepistemologyandmetaphysics.Heisperhapsbestknowntodayforhistheoryoftruthandhissemeiotics,aswellasforhisi

5、nflu-enceonWilliamJamesandJohnDewey.Butbecauseofthescat-terednatureofhisworkandbecausehewasalwaysoutoftheaca-demicmainstream,manyofhiscontributionsarejustnowcomingtolight.AsPhilstrom’sessayinthisvolumemakesclear,oneofthemostimportantinfluencesonPeircew

6、asKant.Thereisalsoastronggustofmedievalphilosophyblowingthroughouthiswrit-ing.ItisfromherethatPeircegetshisScholasticrealism,whichis1CambridgeCompanionsOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,20062cherylmisaksetagainstthenominalismoftheBritishempiricists.(SeeB

7、oler’scontributiontothisvolume.)Buttherearealsoclearaffinitiesbe-tweenPeirceandtheBritishempiricists.Forinstance,Peircecred-itsBerkeley’sargumentsthatallmeaningfullanguageshouldbematchedwithsensoryexperienceastheprecursorofpragmatism:Berkeleyonthewhole

8、hasmorerighttobeconsideredtheintroducerofpragmatismintophilosophythananyotheroneman,thoughIwasmoreexplicitinenunciatingit.2Ithasseemedtomanythat,despitePeirce’sclaimstobeputtingto-getheragrand‘architectonic’system,therearesubstantialten