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1、NewsletterIssue99September2006ReliabilityRules!RamónNadiraSeniorManagerConsultingramon.nadira@siemens.comCarlosA.DortolinaSeniorStaffConsultantcarlos.dortolina@siemens.comWorldwide,theelectricityindustryisundergoingsignificantchangeswithregardstoitss
2、tructure(i.e.,verticalseparationofgeneration,transmission,anddistributioncompanies),itsownership(i.e.,participationofprivatesintransmission),anditsregulatorymechanisms(e.g.,establishmentofautonomousregulatoryentities).Thesechangesarehavingasignifican
3、timpactinthewaytransmissionnetworksareplannedandoperated.Weargueinthisarticlethatunlessthetechnical,economic,andregulatoryaspectsoftransmissionsystemsaregivenequalbilling,therestructuringeffortsarelikelytoencountersignificantdifficulties.Wealsosugges
4、tthatreliabilitycriteriashouldbeoutput-basedratherthaninput-based,ashastraditionallybeenthecase.IntroductionTherestructuringoftheelectricityindustryinmanycountrieshasnotonlymeantthatutilitieshavebeenunbundled-bothverticallyandhorizontally-butalsothat
5、thewaywelookatpowersystemsneedstoberestructuredaswell.Nowmorethanever,onemustrecognizethatthetechnical(i.e.,physics),economic(i.e.,commercial),andregulatoryaspectsoftheindustryareintertwined,andthatdecisionscannotbemadeinisolation.Assuch,engineers,ec
6、onomists,andlawyersneedtostartspeakingthesamelanguage,andneedtobecomeevermorecognizantofeachothers’sphereofinfluence.Anillustrativeexampleoftheaboveisthereliabilitycriteriathatarecurrentlyused-almostuniversally-toplanandoperatepowertransmissionsystem
7、s.Wearereferringheretothecommonsetoftransmissionplanningandoperationscriteriaknownas“n-1”.Thesecriteria,whichareofadeterministictype,prescribethatthepowersystemmustbeabletooperatewithinequipmentthermalandvoltageratingsintheeventofanunscheduledoutageo
8、fanysingleelement,suchasatransmissionline,atransformer,or1ageneratingunit.Inotherwords,thesystemmustbeabletowithstandanysinglecontingencyeventevenifsuchoccursattheworstpossiblemoment.Inaddition,thecriteriaprovidesforstableoperationfollowingtransientd
