Organic Bromine and Iodine Compounds (Handbook of Environmental Chemistry)

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1、PrefaceEnvironmentalChemistryisarelativelyyoungscience.Interestinthissubject,however,isgrowingveryrapidlyand,althoughnoagreementhasbeenreachedasyetabouttheexactcontentandlimitsofthisinterdisciplinarydiscipline,thereappearstobeincreasinginterestinseeingenvironmentaltopicswh

2、icharebasedonchemistryembodiedinthissubject.OneofthefirstobjectivesofEnviron-mentalChemistrymustbethestudyoftheenvironmentandofnaturalchemicalprocesseswhichoccurintheenvironment.AmajorpurposeofthisseriesonEnvironmentalChemistry,therefore,istopresentareasonablyuniformviewof

3、variousaspectsofthechemistryoftheenvironmentandchemicalreactionsoccurringintheenvironment.TheindustrialactivitiesofmanhavegivenanewdimensiontoEnviron-mentalChemistry.Wehavenowsynthesizedanddescribedoverfivemillionchemicalcompoundsandchemicalindustryproducesabouthundredandf

4、iftymilliontonsofsyntheticchemicalsannually.Weshipbillionsoftonsofoilperyearandthroughminingoperationsandothergeophysicalmodifications,largequantitiesofinorganicandorganicmaterialsarereleasedfromtheirnaturaldeposits.Citiesandmetropolitanareasofupto15millioninhabitantsprodu

5、celargequantitiesofwasteinrelativelysmallandconfinedareas.Muchofthechemicalproductsandwasteproductsofmodernsocietyarereleasedintotheenvironmenteitherduringproduction,storage,transport,useorultimatedisposal.Thesereleasedmaterialsparticipateinnaturalcyclesandreactionsandfreq

6、uentlyleadtointerferenceanddisturbanceofnaturalsystems.EnvironmentalChemistryisconcernedwithreactionsintheenvironment.Itisaboutdistributionandequilibriabetweenenvironmentalcompartments.Itisaboutreactions,pathways,thermodynamicsandkinetics.AnimportantpurposeofthisHandbook,i

7、stoaidunderstandingofthebasicdistributionandchemicalreactionprocesseswhichoccurintheenvironment.Lawsregulatingtoxicsubstancesinvariouscountriesaredesignedtoassessandcontrolriskofchemicalstomanandhisenvironment.Sciencecancon-tributeintwoareastothisassessment;firstlyintheare

8、aoftoxicologyandsecondlyintheareaofchemicalexposure.Theavailableconcentration(“environmen