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1、Einstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativityØyvindGrønSigbjørnHervikEinstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativityWithModernApplicationsinCosmology13ØyvindGrønSigbjørnHervikOsloUniversityCollegeDepartmentofMathematics&StatisticsFacultyofEngineeringDalhousieUniversityPOBox4,StOla
2、vsPl.B3H3J5Halifax,NS0130OsloCanadaNorwayherviks@mathstat.dal.caandInstituteofPhysicsUniversityofOsloPOBox1048Blindern0136OsloNorwayLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007923152ISBN-13:978-0-387-69199-2e-ISBN-13:978-0-387-69200-5Printedonacid-freepaper.À2007Sprin
3、gerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCAllrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscho
4、larlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterm
5、s,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.987654321springer.comContentsListofProblems...................................xiListofExamples...................................xvPrefac
6、e.........................................xviiNotation.......................................xix.IINTRODUCTION:NEWTONIANPHYSICSANDSPECIALRELATIVITY.....11RelativityPrinciplesandGravitation...................31.1Newtonianmechanics.......................31.2Gal
7、ileiNewton’sprincipleofRelativity.............41.3TheprincipleofRelativity.....................51.4Newton’slawofGravitation....................61.5LocalformofNewton’sGravitationallaw............81.6Tidalforces..............................101.7Theprincipleofe
8、quivalence....................141.8Thecovarianceprinciple......................151.9Mach’sprinciple...........................16Problems...................................172TheSpecialThe
