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1、LocationandEmployment...WernerheimINTRODUCTIONThereisadearthofsystematicempiricalresearchonserviceindustrylocation,particularlyinnon-metropolitanareas.Toourknowledgetherehasbeennolocationanalysisofgreenfieldplants(newentries)inadvancedproducer1services(APS)industries.Therei
2、s,however,alargeliteratureonfirmlocationinmanufacturingindustries,mostlyfortheUnitedStatesincludingJapaneseforeigndirectinvestmentthere.MorerecentlystudieshavefocussedalsoonFrance,Brazil,andPortugal.Thereisampleevidencethatagglomerationeconomiesareprincipaldeterminantsofnew
3、investmentinmanufacturingindustries.Butserviceindustrieshavenotbeensubjecttothesamestatisticaltests.ThisisrecognizedbyHarrington(1995)whoisexplicitinhiscallforacoherenttheoreticalandempiricalframeworkforthestudyofthecontributionofserviceindustriestoregionaldevelopment.While
4、thereisnowaconsensusontheappropriateempirical(econometric)techniquesforaddressingtheproblem-discretechoicemodels-severaldifficultieshavehamperedresearch.Someofthesedifficultiesareinherenttoempiricallocationstudiesgenerally.Othershelpexplainwhythelocationandagglomerationofse
5、rviceindustrieshavenotreceivedtheattentionwarrantedbytheimportancewethinktheseissuesmayhaveforregionaleconomicpolicy.AlfredMarshallfirstadvancedtheideaofagglomerationasaspatialexternalityinthe1890s.Sincethenalargeliteraturehasemergedthatdrawsonthisconcepttoexplainwhyfirmslo
6、catewheretheydo,andwhy,asaconsequence,growth,productivityandinvestmenttypicallydiffersomuchacrossphysicalspace.Thisisevidentinthe‘new’theoriesofregionalgrowthdevelopedinthepast25years,whereincreasingreturns,externalitiesandotheragglomerationaspectsplayakeyrole.Intheempirica
7、lliterature,Krugman(1991)and2othershavesuggestedthatgeographicagglomerationoffirmsinindividualmanufacturingindustriesmaybemorecommonthangenerallybelieved.Butevencasualobservationsuggeststhatfirmsandemploymentalsoinserviceindustriestendtoclusterincertainregions.Notsurprising
8、ly,severalrecentstudieshaveshownthatAPSindustriesinCanada,theUnitedStates,andthe1S
