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1、EPICANDNOVELTowardaMethodologyfortheStudyoftheNovelThestudyofthenovelasagemeisdistinguishedbypeculiardif•ficulties.Thisisduetotheuniquenatureoftheobjectitself:thenovelisthesolegemethatcontinuestodevelop,thatisasyetuncompleted.Theforcesthatdefioeitasagenreareatworkbe•foreourveryeyes:thebirthandde
2、velopmentofthenovelasagenretakesplaceinthefulllightofthehistoricalday.Thege•nericskeletonofthenovelisstillfarfromhavinghardened,andwecannotforeseeallitsplasticpossibilities.Weknowothergenres,asgemes,intheircompletedaspect,thatis,asmoreorlessfixedpre-existingformsintowhichonemaythenpourartisticex
3、perience.Theprimordialprocessoftheirformationliesoutsidehistoricallydocumentedobservation.Weencountertheepicasagenrethathasnotonlylongsincecompleteditsdevelopment,butonethatisalreadyantiquated.Withcertainreservationswecansaythesamefortheothermajorgemes,evenfortragedy.Thelifetheyhaveinhistory,the
4、lifewithwhichwearefamiliar,isthelifetheyhavelivedasalreadycompletedgenres,withahardenedandnolongerflexibleskel•eton.Eachofthemhasdevelopeditsowncanonthatoperatesinliteratureasanauthentichistoricalforce.Allthesegemes,orinanycasetheirdefiningfeatures,arecon•siderablyolderthanwrittenlanguageandtheb
5、ook,andtothepresentdaytheyretaintheirancientoralandauditorycharac•teristics.Ofallthemajorgenresonlythenovelisyoungerthanwritingandthebook:italoneisorganicallyreceptivetonewformsofmuteperception,thatis,toreading.Butofcriticalim•portancehereisthefactthatthenovelhasnocanonofitsown,asdoothergemes;on
6、lyindividualexamplesofthenovelarehistor•icallyactive,notagenericcanonassuch.Studyingothergenresisanalogoustostudyingdeadlanguages;studyingthenovel,ontheotherhand,islikestudyinglanguagesthatarenotonlyalive,butstillyoung.(4]EPICANDNOVELEPICANDNOVEL(SJThisexplainstheextraordinarydifficultyinherenti
7、nformulat•Thegreatorganicpoeticsofthepast-thoseofAristotle,ingatheoryofthenovel.Forsuchatheoryhasatitsheartanob•Horace,Boileau-arepermeatedwithadeepsenseofthewhole•jectofstudycompletelydifferentfromthatwhichtheorytreatsnesso
