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1、DatabasesforBioinformatics陈艳炯chenyanjiong@mail.xjtu.edu.cn医学院免疫与病原生物学系数据库系统基础数据库的基本概念数据管理系统的发展数据库技术的发展数据库系统的组成数据库应用系统体系结构数据(Data)数据的定义描述客观事物(对象)的符号记录数据的种类文字、图形、图像、声音数据的特点数据与其语义是不可分的DataThetermdatameansgroupsofinformationthatrepresentthequalitativeorquantitativeattributesofavariab
2、leorsetofvariables.Data(pluralof"datum",whichisseldomused)aretypicallytheresultsofmeasurementsandcanbethebasisofgraphs,images,orobservationsofasetofvariables.Dataareoftenviewedasthelowestlevelofabstractionfromwhichinformationandknowledgearederived.数据概念的变化特点质的规定：由简单到集成；由私有到共享。量的刻化
3、：由小量到大量到海量。所处位置：在软件中的从属地位到主导地位。信息(Information)是以数据为载体的对客观世界实际存在的事物、事件和概念的抽象反应。信息=数据+数据处理DataprocessingComputerdataprocessingisanyprocessthatusesacomputerprogramtoenterdataandsummarise,analyseorotherwiseconvertdataintousableinformation.Theprocessmaybeautomatedandrunonacomputer.Iti
4、nvolvesrecording,analysing,sorting,summarising,calculating,disseminatingandstoringdata.Becausedataaremostusefulwhenwell-presentedandactuallyinformative,data-processingsystemsareoftenreferredtoasinformationsystems.DataanalysisWhenthedomainfromwhichthedataareharvestedisascienceoran
5、engineering,dataprocessingandinformationsystemsareconsideredtoobroadoftermsandthemorespecializedtermdataanalysisistypicallyused,focusingonthehighly-specializedandhighly-accuratealgorithmicderivationsandstatisticalcalculationsthatarelessoftenobservedinthetypicalgeneralbusinessenvi
6、ronment.DataanalysispackageslikeDAP,gretlorPSPPareoftenused.ElementsofdataprocessingInordertobeprocessedbyacomputer,dataneedsfirstbeconvertedintoamachinereadableformat.Oncedataisindigitalformat,variousprocedurescanbeappliedonthedatatogetusefulinformation.Dataprocessingmayinvolvev
7、ariousprocesses,including:Dataacquisition（数据采集）Dataentry（数据录入）Datacleaning（数据清理）Datavalidation（数据验证）Datatabulation（数据制表）Statisticalanalysis（统计分析）Computergraphics（计算机图形）Datawarehousing（数据存储）Datamining（数据挖掘）DataacquisitionIncomputerdataprocessing,dataacquisitionisthesamplingofrealw
8、orldphysicalconditionsandconversionofthe
