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1、WhatMakesLearningSecond-LanguageGrammarDifficult?AReviewofIssuesRobertM.DeKeyserUniversityofPittsburghIftheabilitytouselanguageintherestrictedsense(i.e.,acommunicationsystemcharacterizedbydoublearticulation)isquintessentiallyhuman,thenexplainingthisabilityisacrucialtaskfor
2、cognitivescience,andexplainingitsacquisitionisacrucialtaskfordevelopmentalpsychology.Ifthedifficultyofacquiringasecondlanguage(L2),atleastatalaterage,standsinsharpcontrasttothechild’scelebratedaccomplishments,thenexplainingthiscontrastisequallyimportantfordevelopingacomple
3、teunderstandingofhumans’abilitiestouseandacquirelanguage.Infact,itcanbearguedthatitistheenormouscontrastbetweenthetwophenomenathatneedsexplaining,ratherthaneitherofthetwophenomenaperse.Onewaytotacklethisproblemisthesocialscienceapproachofcorrelatingageandmanyotherdemograph
4、icvariableswithsuccessinacquisition:todisentangledesignfeaturesofthespeciesfromaccidentalcharacteristicsoftheenvironment.AnotherapproachconsistsofinvestigatingwhatelementsorcharacteristicsofanL2arehardtoacquire:tounderstandbetterhowweaknessesintheacquisitionprocessinteract
5、withthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguages.Andofcourse,onecanlookatthetwovariablesininteractionwitheachother:WhichproblematicelementsoftheCorrespondenceconcerningthisarticleshouldbeaddressedtoRobertDeKeyser,DepartmentofLinguistics,UniversityofPittsburgh,PittsburghPA15260,USA.In
6、ternet:RDK1@pitt.edu12WhatMakesLearningL2GrammarDifficult?languageareanissueinL2learningatanyage,andwhicharemostlyaproblemforlateracquirersonly?Orevenbetter,howdofivedifferentvariablesinteractinL2acquisition:thecharacteristicsoftheL2,theinfluenceofthefirstlanguage(L1),ther
7、oleofage,theroleofindividualdifferencesincognitiveandaffective‘‘aptitudes,’’andtheroleoflearningcontext,beitthenative-speakingenvironmentortheclassroom,thelatterrepresenting,ofcourse,awidevarietyoflearningcontextswithdifferentdegreesofemphasisonformandmeaning?Thefocusofthi
8、sintroductoryreviewarticleisonthechar-acteristicsoftheL2itself(anditsdifferencesfromL1)th
