individual differences in second language learning

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1、IndividualDifferencesinSecondlanguageLearningRodEllisUniversityofAucklandLecturegivenatNationalChengchiUniversitySeptember2001A.IndividualdifferencesandL2acquisitionIndividualdifferencescanbehypothesisedtoinfluencedifferentaspectsofL2acquisition:1.Thepro

2、cessofL2acquisition(i.e.differencesinthewayinwhichlearnersconstructtheirinterlanguages).2.Rateofacquisition3.Ultimatelevelofachievement4.L2performanceB.TypesofIndividualLearnerDifferences1.BeliefsLearnerspossessbeliefsaboutlanguage,languagelearners,langu

3、ageuse,andlanguagelearningthatinfluencethewaytheysetaboutlearninganL2.ThesebeliefsaregenerallyinvestigatedbymeansofLikertscalequestionnairesthatrequirelearnerstorespondtostatementslike:IstudyEnglishbecauseitisusefultocommunicatewithEnglishspeakingpeople.

4、LearningEnglishismostlyamatteroflearninggrammarrules.GirlsarebetterthanboysatlearningEnglish.Othermethods(e.g.learnerdiariesandinterviews)havealsobeenusedtoexaminebeliefs.Thestudyoflearnerbeliefshasanumberofpossibleapplications:·developingself-awarenessi

5、nlearners(learnerautonomy)·indentifyingbeliefsthatrelatetosuccessfullanguagelearning·counteringbeliefsthathaveanegativeimpactonlanguagelearning.However,todate,therehasbeenlittlesuccessinindentifyingwhichbeliefsrelatetosuccessfulandunsuccessfullearning.2.

6、AffectiveStatesTheaffectivevariablethathasattractedmostattentionisanxiety.Thishasbeeninvestigatedbymeansofquestionnairesandlearnerdiaries.4Threetypesofanxiety:·Traitanxiety·Stateanxiety·SituationalanxietySourcesoflanguagelearninganxietyare:·communication

7、apprehension·tests·fearofnegativeevaluationResearchhasshownverymixedrelationshipsbetweenanxietyandproficiency.Anxietycanbebothdebilitatingandfacilitating.1.LearnerfactorsAnumberofgeneralfactorshavebeenfoundtoinfluenceL2learning.Thesecandividedintotwoprin

8、cipalgroups:A.Immutablefactors,e.g.1.Age2.LanguageaptitudeB.Mutablefactors,e.g.1.Learningstyle2.Personality3.PersonalityThefactorsthathavebeenmostresearchedare:C.LanguageAptitudeModernLanguageAptitudeTest(CarrollandSapon19