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1、ECOCRITICALREADINGOFHEMINGWAY'SHILLSLIKEWHITEELEPHENTS1RezaYavarianEcocriticismandPostmodernEnvironmentalismhavemuchincommon.Thelatter,influencedbythenotionsofdiversityandpluralityinsocialandliteralmovementofpostmodernism,andrejectinganthropocentrism,seeksandbelievesinasolutionfortheenvironmental
2、crisisthehumanbeinghascreatedintheworldduetoeconomic,technologicalandideologicalstructuresinordertoprotecttheintegrityoftheEarth'secologicalcommunitiesandecocentricvalues.Theformertriestostudytherelationshipbetweentheliteratureandtheenvironmentandthetreatmentofthenatureintheliteraryandeventhenon-
3、literarytexts.Infact,itisarguedthatwildernesshaveaspecialplaceincommunicatingspiritualwisdomtoman.Thisisespeciallymeaningfulwhentheseparationbegantobeconsideredbetweenthe‘human’and‘natural’sciences.Andbythesametoken,thesupportersof‘DeepEcology,’anotioncoinedbyNorwegianphilosopherArneNaess,critici
4、sewhattheyterm‘ShallowEcology.’Hence,Ecocriticismstudies,inonewayortheother,therelationshipinthebinaryoppositionsofnature/cultureandnature/humanandthemanifestationofthesesconceptsandtheirinteractionintheliteraryworks.Thearticlewillgiveanoverviewofthemovementandanecocriticalanalysisofashortstoryby
5、ErnestHemingway,HillslikeWhiteElephants.1-AssistantProfessor,IslamicAzadUniversityRoudehenBranchWhattheNativeAmericanwordsandYeats’poemenclosemanifeststhecoreoftheecocentricattitudeofthehumanbeinginthelatetwentiethandtheearlytwentyfirstcenturies.Thecentralityandvitalityofthenatureforthehumanbeing
6、swhousedto,andundoubtedlystilldo,assumeanthropocentricallytodominatethehumanlyconstructedcultureoverthenatureisassertedinYeats’Byzantium.Inthefirstpartofhisoutstandingpoem,heelaboratesontheprivilegeoftheartifice(say,cultural)worldoverthenaturalworld:theeternalbirdsversusthenaturalmortalbirds.Hedo
7、es,however,reframehisconsiderationattheendofthepoemwhenheconcludesthattheartificialworldgetstheenergyfromthenaturalworldwithoutwhichtheartcannotexist.Ineffect,thepoemrepresents,inthemodernsense,thedeconstructionandreco
