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1、Chapter8/Application:TheCostsofTaxationF163SOLUTIONSTOTEXTPROBLEMS:QuickQuizzes1.Figure1showsthesupplyanddemandcurvesforcookies,withequilibriumquantityQ1andequilibriumpriceP1.Whenthegovernmentimposesataxoncookies,thepricetobuyersrisestoPB,thepricereceivedbysellersdeclinestoPS
2、,andtheequilibriumquantityfallstoQ2.ThedeadweightlossisthetriangularareabelowthedemandcurveandabovethesupplycurvebetweenquantitiesQ1andQ2.Thedeadweightlossshowsthefallintotalsurplusthatresultsfromthetax.Figure12.Ataxonbeerwouldhavealargerdeadweightlossthanataxonmilk,sincethed
3、emandforbeerismoreelasticthanthedemandformilkandthedeadweightlossofataxislargerthegreateristheelasticityofdemand.3.Ifthegovernmentdoublesthetaxongasoline,therevenuefromthegasolinetaxcouldriseorfall,dependingonwherethetaxfallsontheLaffercurve.However,ifthegovernmentdoublesthet
4、axongasoline,youcanbesurethatthedeadweightlossofthetaxrises,sincedeadweightlossalwaysrisesasthetaxraterises.QuestionsforReview1.Whenthesaleofagoodistaxed,bothconsumersurplusandproducersurplusdecline.Thedeclineinconsumersurplusandproducersurplusexceedstheamountofgovernmentreve
5、nuethatisraised,sosociety'stotalsurplusdeclines.Thetaxdistortstheincentivesofbothbuyersandsellers,soresourcesareallocatedinefficiently.2.Figure2illustratesthedeadweightlossandtaxrevenuefromataxonthesaleofagood.Withoutatax,theequilibriumquantitywouldbeQ1,theequilibriumpricewou
6、ldbeP1,consumersurpluswouldbeA+B+C,andproducersurpluswouldbeD+E+F.TheimpositionofataxChapter8/Application:TheCostsofTaxationF163placesawedgebetweenthepricebuyerspay,PB,andthepricesellersreceive,PS,wherePB=PS+tax.ThequantitysolddeclinestoQ2.NowconsumersurplusisA,producersurplu
7、sisF,andgovernmentrevenueisB+D.ThedeadweightlossofthetaxisC+E,sincethatareaislostbecauseofthedeclineinquantityfromQ1toQ2.Figure23.Thegreatertheelasticitiesofdemandandsupply,thegreaterthedeadweightlossofatax.Sinceelasticitymeasurestheresponseofquantitytoachangeinprice,higherel
8、asticitymeansthetaxinducesagreaterreductioninquantity,henceagreaterd
