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1、[1]Industrialbiotechnology,alsoknownaswhitebiotechnology,istheapplicationofmodernbiotechnologytothesustainableproductionofchemicals,materials,andfuelsfromrenewablesources,usinglivingcellsand/ortheirenzymes.Thisfieldiswidelyregardedasthethirdwaveofbiotechnology,distinctfromthefi
2、rsttwowaves(medicalorredbiotechnologyandagriculturalorgreenbiotechnology).Muchinteresthasbeengeneratedinthisfieldmainlybecauseindustrialbiotechnologyisoftenassociatedwithreducedenergyconsumption,greenhousegasemissions,andwastegeneration,andalsomayenabletheparadigmshiftfromfossi
3、lfuel-basedtobio-basedproductionofvalue-addedchemicals.*****************************************************************************************************[2]Inaerobicbioprocesses,oxygenisakeysubstrateemployedforgrowth,maintenanceandinothermetabolicroutes,includingproductsynth
4、esis.Duetoitslowsolubilityinbroths,whichareusuallyaqueoussolutions,oxygenmustbecontinuouslyprovidedbyagasphase,andthustheknowledgeofoxygentransferrate(OTR)isneededforbioreactordesignandscale-up.Theconcentrationofdissolvedoxygeninthebroth,asuspensionofrespiringmicroorganisms,dep
5、endsontheOTRfromthegastotheliquidphase,andontherateofitsconsumptionbythemicroorganism,theoxygenuptakerate(OUR).*****************************************************************************************************[3]Animmobilizedenzymeisanenzymethatisattachedtoaninert,insolublem
6、aterialsuchascalciumalginate(producedbyreactingamixtureofsodiumalginatesolutionandenzymesolutionwithcalciumchloride).ThiscanprovideincreasedresistancetochangesinconditionssuchaspHortemperature.Italsoallowsenzymestobeheldinplacethroughoutthereaction,followingwhichtheyareeasilyse
7、paratedfromtheproductsandmaybeusedagain—afarmoreefficientprocessandsoiswidelyusedinindustryforenzymecatalysedreactions.Analternativetoenzymeimmobilizationiswholecellimmobilization.**************************************************************************************************
8、***-4-[4]Thebioreactoristheheartofanybiochemicalproces
