语言学 总结

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1、Chapter1introductionDefinitionoflinguisticsThescientificstudyorsystematicstudyoflanguages.Science--linguistics----------literatureScopesoflinguisticsMicrolinguistics微观语言学Thestudyoflanguageitself;itstudiesthevariousaspectsoflanguage,includingsound,formandmeaning.Sound:phonetics,phonologyFo

2、rm:morphology,syntaxMeaning:semantics,(pragmatics)MacrolinguisticsThestudyoflanguageinrelationtootherdisciplines(interdisciplinarystudies):Psycholinguistics:languageandmind,languageacquisition,comprehensionandproductionNeurolinguistics:languageprocessingandrepresentationStylistics:science

3、ofliterature,etc.SomeLinguisticDistinctions1.Descriptive&prescriptivegrammars2.Synchronic&diachroniclinguistics共时语言学历时语言学3.Langue语言&parole言语bySaussure4.Competence语言能力&performance语言应用byChomsky5.Syntagmatic¶digmaticrelations（横）组合关系和（纵）聚合关系6.Functionalism功能主义&formalism形式主义`Asystemofarbit

4、raryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationsDesignFeatures----FeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguageI.Arbitrariness任意性II.Duality双重性/两重性III.Productivity创造性IV.Interchangeability互换性V.Displacement移位性VI.Specialization专门性VII.Cuturaltransmission传递性VIII.Discreteness离散性IX.Learnability习得性IIDesignFeatures

5、ofLanguage1.Arbitrariness:formsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningIIDesignFeaturesofLanguageInotherwords,itisimpossibletopredictthemeaningfromtheform,orviceversa.Lookatthefollowingdiagram.wordformmeaning12onomatopoeia象声词112Apesgibber.猴子唧唧叫Roosterscrow.公鸡喔喔叫Henscluck.母

6、鸡咯咯嗒Chickspeep.小鸡唧唧唧Bullsbellow.Cowsmoo老牛哞哞哞Ducksquack.鸭子嘎嘎嘎Catsmew.小猫喵喵叫Frogscroak.青蛙呱呱呱Goatsbleat.小羊咩咩咩Pigsgrunt.小猪呼噜噜Micesqueak.老鼠吱吱叫Dogsbark.小狗汪汪叫onomatopoeia象声词2Beesbuzz;theygobzzz.Birdschirp;theygotweettweet.Cuckoosgocuckoo.Donkeysbray;theygohee-haw.Dovescoo.Geesehonk.Horsesneighorw

7、hinney.Lionsroar.Owlshoot;theygohoo.Roosterscrow;theygocock-a-doodle-doo.Turkeysgogobblegobble.Wolveshowl.12DesignFeaturesofLanguageAnimalsmakemuchthesamesoundsaroundtheworld,buteachlanguageexpressesthemdifferently.Arbitraryandonomatopoeiceffectmayworkatthesametime.