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《托福听力速记符号》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、1.AbbreviationsA:Symbolshelpfulinmath--thesearecommonlyusedintextsandreferences. S = sum f = frequencyB:Leaveoutperiodsinstandardabbreviations.cf= compare e.g. = exampleC:Useonlythefirstsyllableofaword.pol= politicsdem= democracy lib = liberal cap = capita
2、lismD:Useentirefirstsyllableandonly1stletterof2ndsyllable. pres = presentationsubj= subjectind= individual cons = conservativeE:Eliminatefinalletters.Usejustenoughofthewordtoformarecognizableabbreviation. assoc = associatebiol= biology info = information ach
3、 = achievementchem= chemistry max = maximum intro = introductionconc= concentration min = minimumF:Omitvowels,retainonlyenoughconsonantstogivearecognizableskeletonoftheword.ppd= preparedprblm= problemestmt= estimatebkgd= backgroundgvt= governmentG: Usean
4、apostropheinplaceofletters.am't= amount cont'd = continuedgov't= governmenteducat'l= educationalH:Formthepluralofasymbolorabbreviatedwordbyaddings.chpts= chaptersegs= examplesfs= frequencies intros = introductionsI:Usegtorepresentingendings.ckg= checkingestg
5、= establishingdecrg= decreasingexptg= experimentingJ:Ifaterm,phrase,ornameiswrittenoutinfullduringthelecture,substituteinitialswhenevertheterm,phrase,ornameisusedagain.Forexample,CenterforAerospaceSciencesbecomesCASthereafter.K:Usesymbolsforcommonlyrecurringconnecti
6、veortransitionalwords. & = and w/ = with w/o = withoutvs= againstL:Usetechnicalsymbolswhereapplicable.zb= German,forexample ibid = Latin,thesamework o = degrees H2O = waterM:Use'g'torepresent'ing'endings.Examples:decrgdecreasingckgcheckingestblgestablishi
7、ng2.LettersandimagesZ表示“人”people/person，因为“Z”看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。E表示总数：total,totally,entire,entirely,onthewhole,allinall,tosumup,ect. E数学符号表示总值。Q表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。i表示工业:industry,industrial字母i像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。UU看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty
8、,agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。如果在U内填入2，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）,填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示:Unilateralism（单边主
