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1、1.AbbreviationsA:Symbolshelpfulinmath--thesearecommonlyusedintextsandreferences.S = sumf = frequencyB:Leaveoutperiodsinstandardabbreviations.cf= comparee.g. = exampleC:Useonlythefirstsyllableofaword.pol= politicsdem= democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismD:Useentirefir
2、stsyllableandonly1stletterof2ndsyllable.pres = presentationsubj= subjectind= individualcons = conservativeE:Eliminatefinalletters.Usejustenoughofthewordtoformarecognizableabbreviation.assoc = associatebiol= biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem= chemistrymax
3、 = maximumintro = introductionconc= concentrationmin = minimumF:Omitvowels,retainonlyenoughconsonantstogivearecognizableskeletonoftheword.ppd= preparedprblm= problemestmt= estimatebkgd= backgroundgvt= governmentG: Useanapostropheinplaceofletters.am't= amountcont'd = c
4、ontinuedgov't= governmenteducat'l= educationalH:Formthepluralofasymbolorabbreviatedwordbyaddings.chpts= chaptersegs= examplesfs= frequenciesintros = introductionsI:Usegtorepresentingendings.ckg= checkingestg= establishingdecrg= decreasingexptg= experimentingJ:Ifaterm,phr
5、ase,ornameiswrittenoutinfullduringthelecture,substituteinitialswhenevertheterm,phrase,ornameisusedagain.Forexample,CenterforAerospaceSciencesbecomesCASthereafter.K:Usesymbolsforcommonlyrecurringconnectiveortransitionalwords.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs= againstL:Usetechni
6、calsymbolswhereapplicable.zb= German,forexampleibid = Latin,thesameworko = degreesH2O = waterM:Use'g'torepresent'ing'endings.Examples:decrgdecreasingckgcheckingestblgestablishing2.LettersandimagesZ表示“人”people/person，因为“Z”看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。E表示总数：total,totally
7、,entire,entirely,onthewhole,allinall,tosumup,ect. E数学符号表示总值。Q表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。i表示工业:industry,industrial字母i像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。UU看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty,agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。如果在U内填入2，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）,填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示:Unilateralis
8、m（单边主义），填入m(multiple)表示多边主
