听力速记符号归总

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1、听力速记符号归总（一）1.1.      Note-takingsymbolsandabbreviationsforyourreference:AbbreviationsinNotetakingUseonlytheabbreviationsthatfityourneedsandthatyouwillremembereasily.Agoodideaistointroduceonlyafewabbreviationsintoyournotetakingatatime.Symbolshelpfulinmath——thesear

2、ecommonlyusedintextsandreferences.S  =  sumf  =  frequencyLeaveoutperiodsinstandardabbreviations.cp=  comparee.g.  =  exampledept  =  departmentUseonlythefirstsyllableofaword.pol  =  politicsdem  =  democracylib  =  liberalcap  =  capitalismUseentirefirstsyllable

3、andonly1stletterof2ndsyllable.pres  =  presentationsubj  =  subjectind  =  individualcons  =  conservativeEliminatefinalletters.Usejustenoughofthewordtoformarecognizableabbreviation.assoc  =  associatebiol  =  biologyinfo  =  informationach  =  achievementchem  =

4、  chemistrymax  =  maximumintro  =  introductionconc  =  concentrationmin  =  minimumrep  =  repetition8Omitvowels,retainonlyenoughconsonantstogivearecognizableskeletonoftheword.ppd  =  preparedprblm  =  problemestmt  =  estimatebkgd  =  backgroundgvt  =  governm

5、entUseanapostropheinplaceofletters.am't  =  amountcont'd  =  continuedgov't  =  governmenteducat'l  =  educationalFormthepluralofasymbolorabbreviatedwordbyaddings.chpts  =  chaptersegs  =  examplesfs  =  frequenciesintros  =  introductionsUsegtorepresentingending

6、s.(g=ing)ckg  =  checkingestg  =  establishingdecrg  =  decreasingexptg  =  experimentingSpelloutshortwordssuchasin,at,to,but,for,andkey.Abbreviationsorsymbolsforshortwordswillmakethenotestoodensewithshorthand.Leaveoutunimportantwords.Leaveoutthewordsaandthe.Ifat

7、erm,phrase,ornameiswrittenoutinfullduringthelecture,substituteinitialswhenevertheterm,phrase,ornameisusedagain.Forexample,CenterforAerospaceSciencesbecomesCASthereafter.Usesymbolsforcommonlyrecurringconnectiveortransitionalwords.&  =  andw/  =  withw/o  =  withou

8、tvs  =  against  = 8 therefore=  =  isorequalUsetechnicalsymbolswhereapplicable.zb  =  German,forexampleibid  =  Latin,thesameworko  =  degreesH2O  =  waterMo