各类错误攻击法

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1、各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言1.Survey/Study调查类逻辑错误重点中的重点攻击：样本的质量和数量、采样过程是否科学合理(1)ProcedureA.Selectivesample攻击点：样本选择不随机、不具代表性攻击技巧：调查对象前一系列限定性定于或修饰词Argument3:Inasurveyoffirst-yearstudentsataleadinglawschool.B.Quantityofthesample攻击点：样本数量少，即便有典型性也不能够说明问题Argument180:Onegraduate...anothergraduate攻击语言：Unlesst

2、hesurveyorssampledasufficientnumberof..........anddidsorandomlyacrosstheentire......spectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliabletogauge........generally.Thenumberofrespondents/samples,initself,doesnotensurerepresentativeness.Forexample,ifthesampleincludedonly.......,thentheresultswouldnodoubt

3、suggest.......Orif.........,(5000)wouldaccountforonlyalittlepercentage,whichwouldrenderstheresultofthesurveymeaningless.(2)ResultofthesurveyA.Dothestatisticsmakeanymeaning"Argument194高频题左右撇子Argument14B.Arethestatisticsmisleadinglyvague?数量多是错，数量少是错，没说数量更是错标志词：all,many,anumberof,most,绝对化数量

4、percentageproportion相对比值①攻击“无相对比值”Theargumenttellsusthat"many"(anumberof)......However,thespeakerfailstoindicatethepercentageof............,sothisevidenceisfartoovaguetobemeaningful.②攻击“无绝对数值”Theauthorfailstoprovideinformationregardingtheabsolutenumberof...........Argument102数据含糊的典型代表C.R

5、espondents回应者错误Argument115回应者占被调查对象的比例Therespondentsmustbestatisticallysignificantinnumberandrepresentativeoftheoverall........(3)Whoconductedthesurvey?cross-bencher中立的nonalignedThesurveyormustbecross-bencher/nonaligned.Argument179(4)Whenwasthesurveyconducted?在时间轴上，做调查的时间和通过调查得出结论的时间在时间上

6、足够的近。Argument36Athresholdproblemisthattheeditorialneglectstoindicatehowrecentlyhesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralization.Allweknowinthiseditorialisthatthesurveywasrecentlypublished.Theles

7、srecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstoindicatecurrentinterestlevels.2.SufficientEvidenceandNecessaryCondition(1)SufficientEvidence标志词：once攻击点：A不充分导致B，B的发生还依赖于它因（CDE...）Argument170牡蛎a.Theargumentassumestoohastilythat.......willnecessarilyresultinthebehaviorthat