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1、9-399-104REV:AUGUST2,2006CLAYTONM.CHRISTENSENWhatIsanOrganization’sCulture?Cultureisauniquecharacteristicofanyorganization.Whilethephenomenonoforganizationalcultureisdifficulttodefinesuccinctly,understandingitcanhelpamanagerpredicthowhisorherorganizationisli
2、kelytorespondtodifferentsituations;toassessthedifficultiesthattheorganizationmightexperienceasitconfrontsachangingfuture;andtoidentifythepriorityissuesfortheleadershiptoaddressastheypreparetheorganizationtocompeteforthefuture.Organizationalcultureaffectsandr
3、egulatesthewaymembersoftheorganizationthink,feelandactwithintheframeworkofthatorganization.Cultureistheresultofcommonlearningexperiences.Becausecultureformsthebasisofgroupidentityandsharedthought,belief,andfeeling,oneofthemostdecisiveandimportantfunctionsofl
4、eaders—particularlythefoundersofacompany—isthecreationandmanagementofitsculture.WhatIsCulture?Becausecultureissuchanimportantorganizationalphenomenon,manyscholarshaveproposeddefinitionsofwhatcultureis.Theseinclude:observedbehavioralregularitiesthatoccurwhenp
5、eopleinteract,thenormsthatevolveincloseworkinggroups,thedominantvaluesespousedbyanorganization,thephilosophythatguidesanorganization’spolicytowardemployeesandcustomers,therulesforgettingalongwithotherpeopleintheorganization,andthefeelingorclimateofaparticula
6、rorganization.However,MIT’sEdgarSchein,oneoftheworld’sforemostscholarsoforganizationalculture,arguesthatwhilethesemeaningsmightreflectanorganization’sculture,theyfailtocaptureitsessence.1Scheinconcludesthatcultureisapropertyofanindependentlydefinedsocialunit
7、—aunitwhosemembersshareasignificantnumberofcommonexperiencesinsuccessfullyaddressingexternalandinternalproblems.Becauseofthesecommonexperiences,overtimethisgroupofpeoplewillhaveformedasharedviewofthewaythattheworldsurroundingthemworks,andofthemethodsforprobl
8、emsolvingthatwillbeeffectiveinthatworld.Thissharedviewoftheworldhasledtotheformationofbasicassumptionsandbeliefsthathaveworkedwellenoughandlongenoughtobetakenforgranted.Thesebasicassumptionsandb