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1、中国农业科学2013,46(6):1280-1296ScientiaAgriculturaSinicadoi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.06.023中国西部天然草地疯草生态及动物疯草中毒研究与防控现状周启武,赵宝玉,路浩,王姗姗,张樑,温伟利,杨晓雯(西北农林科技大学动物医学院,陕西杨凌712100)摘要:西部天然草地是中国草地畜牧业的重要生产基地,也是其重要的绿色生态屏障,对维护生态安全和食物安全,保护人类生存环境,实现草地永续利用,具有重要战略意义。长期以来,由于草地干旱、超载过牧、盲目开垦等自然和人为因素的影响,以及草地基础建设投入
2、不足和管理滞后,导致草地大面积沙化和毒草化。特别是近几十年来,草地毒害草的迅速蔓延,造成草地植被群落和生物多样性减少,草地植被单一,沙漠化等生态学问题,严重影响了草地生态平衡以及牧区畜牧业的可持续发展。“疯草”已成为西部天然草地主要毒害草之首,每年给畜牧业造成直接经济损失超过几十亿元。本文就中国西部天然草地疯草研究历史、种类与生态分布、毒性灾害状况、毒性成分与毒性机理、灾害及综合防控技术进行综述,并提出今后疯草研究中应注意的问题,对认识疯草在天然草地中的生态作用和疯草灾害综合防控具有重要指导意义。关键词:天然草地;疯草;中毒;毒性灾害;防控TheResearchandCo
3、ntrolSituationofEcologyandAnimalPoisoningofLocoweedinWesternNaturalGrasslandofChinaZHOUQi-wu,ZHAOBao-yu,LUHao,WANGShan-shan,ZHANGLiang,WENWei-li,YANGXiao-wen(CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling712100,Shaanxi)Abstract:Naturalgrasslandisanimportantproductionbaseofgra
4、sslandandanimalhusbandry,anditisalsoaveryimportantecologicalbarrierinChina,soitisagreatstrategicimportanceforChinatomaintainecologicalandfoodsecurityandprotectsurvivalenvironmentofhumanbeingsandfulfillpermanentutilizationofgrassland.Foralongtime,somenaturalandhumanfactorsleadtograsslandde
5、sertificationandcontagiouspoisonousweedsintherangeland,suchasgrasslanddrought,overgrazing,blindreclamation,shortagesoffundandlaggingmanagement.Especiallyinthelastfewdecades,therapidspreadingofpoisonous-weedshavecausedsomeecologicalproblemssuchasdecreaseofvegetationcommunityandbiodiversity
6、,singlevegetationanddesertification,anditseriouslyaffectsthegrasslandecologicalbalanceandthesustainabledevelopmentoflocalanimalhusbandry.“Locoweeds”hasbeenaprimarypoisonousweedinthewesternnaturalgrassland,anditbringsaboutabillionRMBineconomicallosseseveryyear.Theresearchhistory,speciesand
7、ecologicaldistributionandthesituationofthetoxicitydisaster,thetoxicingredientsandmechanismoflocoweedsingrasslandaresummarizedinthispaper,andtheproblemsoflocoweedresearchinthefuturearegiven,itisofgreatsignificanceforunderstandingtheecologicalfunctionoflocoweedsandcom