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1、FinalTestonBusinessEnglishReadingPartOne：ReadingcomprehensionPassageOneOverthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsin
2、ordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses'paytovariousperformancemeasure,andgivingbossesshareoptions,sothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica'slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffol
3、lowingtheirlead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss's
4、friendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgeneral
5、lypleasingtheoutsiders.Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,"independent"boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpay
6、andperformance.Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover$1billionwhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher'sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtom
7、easuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany'soverallsuccess.Inshort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage-whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisparadoxforthemanagementtheor
8、ists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeeph
