英语语言学资料

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1、《英语语言学》学习资料说明：各位童鞋，这个资料是在老版本的基础上编写的，故有些内容现在有了很大的变化和更改，大家要学会有选择性的进行学习和参考啊1・2&Whatisphonetics?"Phonetics”isthesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,especiallythosesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtran

2、scription(seeHuZhuanglinetal.,pp39・40),speechsoundsmaybestudiedindifferentways,thusbythreedifferentbranchesofphonetics-(1)Articulatoryphonetics;thebranchofphoneticsthatexaminesthewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowthey

3、coordinateintheprocess.(2)Auditoryphonetics,thebranchofphoneticresearchfromthehearefspointofview,lookingintotheimpressionwhichaspeechsoundmakesonthehearerasmediatedbytheear,theauditorynerveandthebrain.(3)Acousticphonetics:thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspe

4、echsounds,astransmittedbetweenmouthandcar.Mostphoneticians,however,areinterestedinarticulatoryphonetics・L29>Howarethevocalorgansformed?Thevocalorgans(seeFigure1,HuZhuanglinetaL,p41),orspeechorgans,areorgansofthehumanbodywhosesecondaryuseisintheproductionofsp

5、eechsounds.Thevocalorganscanbeconsideredasconsistingofthreeparts;theinitiatoroftheair-stream,theproducerofvoiceandtheresonatingcavities.1.30.Whatisplaceofarticulation?Itreferstotheplaceinthemouthwhere,forexample,theobstructionoccurs,resultingintheutteranceof

6、aconsonant.Whateversoundispronounced,atleastsomevocalorganswillgetinvolved,e・g・lips,hardpalateetc.,soaconsonantmaybeoneofthefollowing(1)bilabial:[p,b,m];(2)labiodental:[f,v];(3)dental:[J;(4)alveolar:[t,d」,n.s,z];(5)retroflex;(6)palato-alveolar:[J;(7)palatal:

7、[j];(8)velar[k,gj;(9)uvular;(10)glottal:[h].Somesoundsinvolvethesimultaneoususeoftwoplacesofarticulation.Forexample,theEnglish[wjhasbothanapproximationofthetwolipsandthattwolipsandthatofthetongueandthesoftpalate,andmaybetermednlabial-velarn.l<31

8、nerofarticulation?The"mannerofarticulation11literallymeansthewayasoundisarticulated.Atagivenplaceofarticulation,theairstreammaybeobstructedinvariousways,resultinginvariousmannersofarticulation,a