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1、原文：TheHiddenPayroll:EmployeeBenefitsandtheStructureofWorkplaceInequalityAngelaM.O'RandEmployeebenefitscontributetothestratificationofthelaborforceintooccupationalmarkets.Employeebenefitsandearningsform"compensationpackages"availableindifferentcombinationsandatdiffer
2、entlevelstooccupationslocatedindifferentlabormarkets.InthisstudyIhavemergedandaggregateddatafromtheCurrentPopulationSurveyPensionSupplementin1979atthedetailedoccupationlevelwithdatafromtheFourthEditionoftheDictionaryofOccupationalTitlestoexaminetherelativeimportance
3、ofworkforcecharacteristics,occupationalcontent,andlabormarketcontextintheprovisionofselectedemployeebenefitsbothseparatelyandincombinationswithearnings.Theanalysesrevealthatfringebenefitsarestructurally-determinedfactorsthatrepresentadimensionoftherewardstructureofo
4、ccupationsdifferentfromearnings,buttheycombinewithearningstostratifytheworkplaceintooccupationalmarkets."Pensionsprovidethebestdocumentedexampleofthevariationinfringebenefits.Slightlymorethanhalfoftheworkforcein1979wasinpension-coveredemployment,thehighestlevelofcov
5、erageinhistory(O'Rand,1985).Pensioncoveredemploymentwasconcentratedinpublicandprivate"core"industries(Beck,HoranandTolbert,1978).Butevenincoreindustries,pensioncoverageistypicallylimitedtothosewhoworkfulltime(Slavick,1966;O'RandandMacLean,1986).Plansalsohavevestings
6、chedules,i.e.,minimumrequirementsfor"continuous"serviceandparticipationinorderforanemployeetobecomeeligibleforabenefit.Theseserviceschedulesoftendiscriminateagainstworkerswithinterruptedserviceresultingfromlayoffsor"personal"needs,suchaschildbirth,althoughpensionleg
7、islationbeginninginthe1970s(e.g.,theEmployeeRetirement,IncomeSecurityActin1974)wastargetedtoprotecttheemployee'srightsinthelattercase.Inadditiontotheirunevenavailability,fringebenefitsareoften"hidden"rewardsforwork.Theyarenotwidelynegotiatedinthelabormarket(unioncon
8、tractscoverlessthanone-thirdoftheworkforce),althoughthosemarketswithstrongunionizationand/orprofessionalizationaremorelikelytopublicizethe
