外文翻译：农村向城市的迁移和工资确定

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1、金融危机下农民工就业问题分析Rural–urbanmigrationandwagedetermination:ThecaseofTianjin,China1.IntroductionSincethemid-1980s,masslabormigrationfromthecountrysidetourbanareashasbeenoneofthemostdramaticandnoticeablechangesinChina.BasedonsurveydatafromTianjin,thispaperexaminesthecha

2、racteristicsofmigrantsandcomparestheemploymentandsocialconditionsofmigrantswiththoseofpermanenturbanresidents.Italsoinvestigatesthedeterminantsthataffectwagesofbothmigrantandnonimmigrantworkersinordertoevaluatehoweconomicandsocial-demographicfactorscontributetothe

3、earninggapbetweenruralandurbanworkers.TheeconomicreforminChinathatstartedin1978hascreateda“floatingpopulation”asover100millionpeoplehavelefttheirvillagesandstreamedintocitieswheremanufacturingandbusinessesboom.Themigrationoflaborfromagriculturaltonon-agriculturali

4、ndustrieshasincreasedtheaverageincomeofruralpeopleasmigrantworkerssendasignificantportionoftheirincomebackhome.Atthesametime,ruralmigrantlaborershavemadegreatcontributionstoeconomicgrowthbycomplementingthelaborforceofcitiesandprovidinglow-costwork.However,thebenef

5、itsfromeconomicgrowthhavenotbeenfairlysharedbetweenurbanandmigrantworkers,andcleardisparitiesexistinChina'surbanandrurallabormarkets.Itisestimatedthatbetween12and15millionnon-farmjobswillberequiredannuallyjusttoabsorbthissurpluslabor.Ruralmigrantsgenerallymakeless

6、money,receivefarfewerbenefits,andhavenohealthinsurance.Mostliveinprecariousdormitoriesprovidedbytheiremployersiftheyhaveanyhousing.Ruralsurpluslaborerswhomovedtourban11金融危机下农民工就业问题分析areasarecalledmingongtomarktheirdifferencefromthecity-dwellingworkers.Ruralmigrant

7、saretreatedasstrangersandoutsidersincities.Theyaredeniedformalurbanmembershipandsubstantiverightsandtheirchildrenarelargelyprohibitedfromattendingcityschools.Theurban–ruraldisparitiesinChina'slabormarketmaybecategorizedintotwotypes.Thefirstdifferencerelatestoprodu

8、ctivity-relatedcharacteristics,suchaseducationandjobtraining,andthesecondrelatestonon-productivity-relatedcharacteristics,suchasrace,gender,orinourcase,