新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 整理

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1、bChapter1:Introduction1.Linguistics:语言学Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.(Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguageingeneral)2.Generallinguistics:普通语言学Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.(languageisacomplicatedentitywithmulti

2、plelayersandfacets)3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.4.descriptive(描述性):Alinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.5.prescriptive(规定性):Itaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviors.i.e.whattheyshouldsayand

3、whattheyshouldnottosay.6.synchronic(共时语言学):thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhiatory7.diachronic(历时语言学):thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime3)speech（口语）Writing（书面语）Thesethetwomediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.(

4、speechispriortowriting)8.langue(语言):referstoabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofthespeechcommunity.Itisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.Suchas:InEnglishsentencemusthavesubjectandpredicate.9.parole(言语):referstotherealizationoflangueinactualus

5、e.Itisconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.(Saussure)10.competence(语言能力):theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage11.performance(语言应用):theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.(Chomsky)traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics1.linguisticsis

6、descriptive,whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive2.modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewriter.3.alsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.Functionsoflanguage.b1.thedescriptivefunction.2.theexpressivefunction3.thesocialfunctionChapter2:Phonolog

7、y音系学phonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages9.Thethreebranchesofphonetics(1).Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)(longesthistory)(2.)Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）(3)Acousticphonetics(声学语音学）2.Speechorgans:threeimportantareas⑴Phary

8、ngealcavity咽腔----thethroat;⑵Theor