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1、Piezoelectricceramicactuators:AreviewofmachineryapplicationsT.G.King,M.E.Preston,B.J.M.Murphy*andD.S.CannelltPiezoelectricceramicactuatorscanbemanufacturedwithawiderangeofmovements,outputforcesandoperatingvoltages.Theprosandconsofthesedevicesareconsideredandtypicalapplicationsdescr
2、ibed.Keywords:actuators,piezoelectricdevices,PZTApiezoelectricmaterialisonewhichdevelopsanApplicationsofdirectpiezoelectricityelectricalchargewhensubjectedtomechanicalOneoftheearlyapplicationsofthepiezoelectricstress.Naturallyoccurringpiezoelectricmaterialseffectwastoconvertthevibr
3、ationsofthestylusofawereinvestigatedinthe1880s,butpiezoelectricrecordplayerintoelectricalsignals.IntheexampleceramicsandferroelectricitywerenotdiscoveredillustratedinFig1,thevoltagesaregeneratedinuntilthe1940s.Inthe1950s,thestrong,stabletwobeamswhicharemountedat90°toeachotherpiezoe
4、lectriceffectsofleadzirconatetitanate(PZT)andat45°totherecordsurface,sothatthewerediscovered1.Althoughotherceramicswithvibrationspickedupbythestylusfromeachwallofimprovedpropertieshaveappearedrecently,PZTistherecordgroovearetransferredtotheappropriatestillthedominantpiezoelectricce
5、ramic,notleastbeam.Thebeamsaremadeas'bimorphs',asshownbecauseitscrystalstructurepermitsawiderangeofinFig2,inorderthatasmalldeflectionofoneendsolidsolutionswithdifferentadditives,allowingofabeamwillgreatlymagnifythestrainintheceramiciststotailoritspropertiestosuitadiverseceramic,giv
6、ingrisetoahighervoltageoutput(inrangeofapplications.PZTcanbemanufacturedintheorderof0.5V)omanysizesandshapes;theseincludeplates,sheets,Thepiezoelectriceffectisalsousedinsensorsblocks,discs,hemispheres,tubesandrings,anyofwhichproduceananaloguevoltagewhenasensingwhichcanbeusedaloneor
7、incombination,aswellasindividuallymachinedspecialshapes,althoughmachiningtotighttolerancesaddsconsiderablytothecost2.Whensomeceramicscoolfromthehightemperaturesusedduringmanufacture,arandomconfigurationof'domains'forms;eachdomainisaregionwithaparticularpolarorientation.Inthiscondit
8、iontheceramicdoesnotdispla
