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1、外文翻译原文：Definingleanproduction:someconceptualandpracticalissuesDiscriminantvalidityofleanSowhatisthenthedifferencebetweenTQMandleanproduction?InthefollowingsectionLeanandTQMarecomparedbasedontheanalysismadebyHackmanandWageman(1995).Thediscussionisdonewiththreedifferentaspects;basicassum
2、ptions,changeprinciplesandinterventions:BasicassumptionsQuality.Inlean,qualitydoesnotreceivethesameamountofattentionasintheTQMliterature.Themainfocusintheleanliteratureisonjust-in-time(JIT)production.JITisassumedtodecreasetotalcost,aswellashighlightproblems.Thisisdonethroughreducingthe
3、resourcesinthesystem,sothatbuffersdonotcoveruptheproblemsthatarise.Intheshort-termperspective,thereductionofresourcesimpliesadirectreductionofcost.Inthelongrun,thereductionandsubsequenteliminationofbuffersisassumedtohighlighttheproblemsthatexistinproduction,thusbeingavitalsourceofconti
4、nuousimprovement(e.g.Shingo,1984;Ohno,1988;Krafcik,1988Acommonopinionisthatthepurposeofleaniswasteelimination. ).Theliteraturereviewdoesnotshowsupportforthisbeingtheverypurpose,butwasteeliminationisdefinitelyanimportantaspectoftheconcept.Someauthorsarguethatwasteisreducedinordertoincre
5、asethevalueforthecustomer(e.g.Dennis,2002;Bicheno,2004),whereasothersarguethatitisastrategyforreducingcost(e.g.Ohno,1988;Monden,1998).ReducingwasteisalsoasignificantpartofTQM,butunderthebannerofpoor-quality-costs(seeHackmanandWageman,1995;Sörqvist,1998).AmajordifferencebetweenTQMandlea
6、ninthisaspectistheprecisionindefiningwaste.Inthemajorityoftheleanliterature,wasteormudaisbasedonthesevenforms[1]definedbyOhno(1988),whereasTQMhasaverygeneraldefinitionofpoor-quality-costs,includingeverythingthatcouldbeeliminatedthroughimprovement(Sörqvist,1998).Employeesandthequalityof
7、theirwork.Onemajorcritiqueoftheleanconceptisthatitisgenerallyweakconcerningtheemployees”perspective.Theproponentsofleanproductionusuallyhaveastronginstrumentalandmanagerialperspective,discussingemployeesintermsofcomponentsintheproductionsystem(seeKamata,1982;Berggren,1992,1993Theexte
