Buying National Preferential Trade Agreements and Public Procurement.pdf

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1、BuyingNational:PreferentialTradeAgreementsandPublicProcurementDanielYuichiKonoUniversityofCalifornia,Davisdykono@ucdavis.eduandStephanieJ.RickardLondonSchoolofEconomicsS.Rickard@lse.ac.ukPaperpreparedfortheWorkshoponThePoliticsofPreferentialTradeAgreements:Theory,Measureme

2、nt,andEmpiricalApplications.NiehausCenterforGlobalizationandGovernance,PrincetonUniversity,April30-May1,2010.AbstractThisstudypresentsanewtechniqueforestimatingtheextentofgovernmentdiscriminationagainstforeignsuppliersinprocurementpractices.Usingthistechnique,weexaminethee

3、ffectsofprocurementrulesinpreferentialtradeagreements(PTA)ongovernments’procurementbehaviour.Wefindlittleevidencethattheserulesreducediscriminatoryprocurementpractices.Bilateralagreementsdonotsignificantlymodifytheelasticityofimportstospending;multilateralagreementsappeart

4、oreducetheelasticityofimportstospending.1Asglobal,regionalandbilateralinitiativeshavesuccessfullyreducedtradebarriers,suchasquantitativerestrictionsandtariffs,greaterattentionisnowbeingfocusedontheremainingbarriers,includingdiscriminatorygovernmentprocurementpractices.Disc

5、riminatoryprocurementpracticesinvolvesystematicattemptstodiscriminateagainstforeignsuppliersandinfavourofdomesticproducersofsimilargoodsandservices(Lowinger1976).Arecentprominentexampleisthe“BuyAmerican”provisionsincludedintheUSstimulusprogram.Theseprovisionsrequirethatall

6、projectsfundedbythegovernment’sstimulusbilluseonlyAmerican-madeironandsteel.InFebruary2009,theSenatebroadenedtheBuyAmericanprovisionstoincludeallmanufacturedgoodsusedinstimulus-fundedprojects.WhiletheBuyAmericanprovisionswerewidelyreported,theUSisnotalone1inenactingdiscrim

7、inatoryprocurementpoliciesandpractices.Manyothergovernmentsalsohaveapolicyofgeneralfavouritismtowardsdomesticsupplies.Suchpoliciesmaybeinformal–takingtheformofatacitunderstandingbetweengovernmentandindustry(Lowinger1976).Alternatively,discriminationmayoccurbymeansofselecti

8、veandsingle-tenderbiddingschemes,residencerequirementsand/orstringenttechnicalandfinancia