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1、TradingHumanRights:HowPreferentialTradeAgreementsInfluenceGovernmentRepressionEmilieM+Hafner-BurtonAbstractAgrowingnumberofpreferentialtradeagreements~PTAs!havecometoplayasignificantroleingoverningstatecompliancewithhumanrights+Whentheysupplyhardstandardsth
2、attiematerialbenefitsofintegrationtocompliancewithhumanrightsprinciples,PTAsaremoreeffectivethansofterhumanrightsagree-ments~HRAs!inchangingrepressivebehaviors+PTAsimprovemembers’humanrightsthroughcoercion,bysupplyingtheinstrumentsandresourcestochangeactor
3、s’incentivestopromotereformsthatwouldnototherwisebeimplemented+Idevelopthreehypotheses:~1!statecommitmenttoHRAsand~2!PTAssupplyingsofthumanrightsstandards~nottiedtomarketbenefits!donotsystematicallyproduceimprove-mentinhumanrightsbehaviors,while~3!statecom
4、mitmenttoPTAssupplyinghardhumanrightsstandardsdoesoftenproducebetterpractices+Idrawonseveralcasestoillustratetheprocessesofinfluenceandtesttheargumentontheexperienceof177statesduringtheperiod1972to2002+Humanrightsviolationsarepervasive+1Asasubstantialperce
5、ntageofstatesrepresstheircitizens,anincreasinglydensesetofformaltreaties,conventions,andpro-tocolshavebeendesignedtoprotecttheinalienablerightsofhumanbeings—humanrightsagreements~HRAs!+Theseagreementsaredifferentthanotherformsofinternationalcooperationdes
6、ignedtoovercomecollectiveactionproblemsandtointernalizecross-borderexternalities+HRAsaredesignedtoregulatesov-IwouldliketothankMikeColaresi,DanDrezner,DavidLake,LisaMartin,WalterMattli,JohnMeyer,MarkPollack,ErikVoeten,JimVreeland,andtwoanonymousreviewersf
7、ortheirdetailedandthoughtfulcommentsonvariousdraftsofthismanuscript,aswellasthemanyotherpeoplewhohavehelpedmebyaskinghardquestionsalongtheway+IwouldalsoliketothankMichaelBarnett,CharlesFranklin,andJonPevehouseforadviceduringthedissertationresearchthatsupp
8、ortsthisarticle,andAlexanderH+Montgomeryforassistanceindatamanagement+Allfaultsaremyown+Forgenerousassistanceinthecollectionofdata,IthanktheNationalScienceFoundation~SES2CDZ414andSES0135422!,JohnMeyer,andFranciscoRa
