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1、JournalofElectroceramics,7,25–34,2001C2001KluwerAcademicPublishers.ManufacturedinTheNetherlands.CrystalandDefectChemistryofRareEarthCationsinBaTiO3YOEDTSUR,1,∗TIMOTHYD.DUNBAR2&CLIVEA.RANDALL11CenterforDielectricStudies,MaterialsResearchLaboratory,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,Un
2、iversityPark,PA16802-4800,USA2SandiaNationalLabs,POBox5800;MS1405,Albuquerque,NM87186-1405,USASubmittedSeptember20,2000;RevisedJune4,2001;AcceptedJune11,2001Abstract.Thisstudyrevisitstheissueofrareearthcationsubstitutionsintobariumtitanate.Analysisbaseduponcrystalchemistry,defectc
3、hemistryandmetastablestatesispresentedtoaidinterpretationofexperimentaldata.RecentdetailedandhighlypreciseX-raypowderdiffractionandElectronParamagneticResonanceexperimentsperformedonsamplesproducedwithdifferentA/Bratiosandfiredunderdifferentoxygenpartialpressureconditionsgiveriseto
4、newinsightsintothematerial.Specifically,thesiteoccupancyandthevalencestatesfortherare-earthdopantsinbariumtitanateareconsidered.Earlierworkisalsoreviewedandcomparedtothestudiesperformedhere.Collectivelyaclassificationofthevarioustypesofbehaviorobservedfortherare-earthseriesinbariumt
5、itanateispresented.Keywords:amphoteric,multilayercapacitors,siteoccupancy,basemetaldielectrics,perovskites,pointdefects1.IntroductionthehostBaTiO3crystal.Therare-earthsarefirstcon-sideredasaseriesof3+cationswithgradualchangeinManycationdopantsarehighlysolubleinBaTiO3,theirionicradi
6、i.Second,othervalencesarealsocon-andareusedtoengineertheelectricalpropertiesofsideredwithrelationtothetemperature,oxygenpar-thematerial.TheBaTiO3materialisusedforanum-tialpressureandsiteoccupancy.Earlierexperimentalberofelectro-optic,electromechanicalanddielectricworksarerevieweda
7、swellasourownXRDandEPRapplications,butthelargestcommercialmarketsaremeasurements.Finally,asummaryisgivenintheformpositivetemperaturecoefficientresistors(PTCR)andofashortnoteforeachoftherare-earthdopants,exceptmultilayercapacitors(MLC)[1].BothPTCRandMLCtheradioactivePm.BaTiO3materia
8、lsoftenhaveformulationinvolvingth
