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1、Self-strengtheninginanAgeofAcceleratedForeignImperialism1861-9511TheDynasticRevivalandtheSelf-strengtheningMovementThepeacesettlementwithBritainandFrancein1860andthesuppres•sionoftheTaipingRevolutionin1864eliminatedtwodeadlythreatstothedynasty,oneexternalandtheothe
2、rinternal.TheCh'ingcourthadforgedamomentaryreprieve,andintheperiodthatfolloweddis•playedaremarkablespiritofresurgence,asmanifested.inthesuppressionoftheNienandMoslemrebellions,therestorationofthetraditionalorderandtheConfuciangovernment,themaintenanceofpeacewithfor
3、eignpowers,andtheinitiationoftheSelf-strengtheningMovementthroughadoptionofWesterndiplomaticpracticesandmilitaryandtech•nologicaldevices.Arrested,'ifonlytemporarily,wasthedynasticdeclinecharacterizedbythetwinevilsoflIinternalrebellionandexternalin-vaSlOn.."Scholars
4、andstatesmenofthe1860sand1870SwerequicktorefertothisdynasticIIsecondblossoming"asa"T'ung-chihRestoration"(Tung•chihchung-hsing).Here,"restoration"lacksthesameconnotationastheMeijiRestorationofJapan,whichmeantthereturnofstatepowersfromthemilitarydictator(shogun)andt
5、hefeudallords(daimyo)totheem•peror;itrefersrathertoeffortsatrestoringthetraditionalorderthroughreaffirmationoftheoldmoralityandapplicationofknowledgetopracticalaffairs(ching-shihchih-yung).Measuresweretakentorehabilitatethedevastatedagriculturalareasandtosearchoutm
6、en'Oftalentforpublicservice.Thegovernmentremittedorreducedagriculturaltaxesinthecountryside,distributedseedsandtoolstoassistintherecovery,andstressed,aprogramofpersonalausterity.PrivateacademiesandlibrariesSelf-strengtheningandForeignImperialismwerereopened,andgove
7、rnmentexaminationsresumed,particularlyinthoseareasthathadnotheldthemduringtheyearsofcivildisorder.Theseexaminations,whilecontinuingtobeliterary,stressedthepracticalproblemsoftheday.Thecourtincreasedthequotasfordegreesinthevariousprovincestorewardmilitaryaridfinanci
8、alcontributions,whilelimitingthesaleofranksandoffices.Withinthebureaucracystricterdis•ciplinewasenforcedandcasesofcorruptionpunished.Meanwhile,Pe
