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1、TheRise'ofMODERNCHINASixthEdition.IMMANUELC.Y.HSOUniversityofCfllifornia,SantaBarbara......ml"lnllll~nl~11I139~0907038NewYork.OxfordOXPO.RDUNIVERSITYPRESS2000OxfordUniversityPressOxfordNewYorkAthensAucklandBangkokBogotaBuenosAiresCalcuttaCapeTownChennaiDar
2、esSalaamDelhiFlorenceHongKongIstanbulKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiParisSaoPauloSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontoWarsawandassociatedcompaniesinBerlinIbadanCopyright©1970,1975,1983,1990,1995,2000byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxf
3、ordUniversityPress,Inc.,198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork100,6http;//www.oup-usa.orgOxfor.disaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,elec
4、tronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataHsii,ImmanuelChung~yueh,1923-TheriseofmodernChina/ImmanuelC.Y.Hsu.-6thed.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferen
5、cesandindex.HalftitleinChinese:Chung-kuochin-taishih.,ISBN0-19-512504-5I.China-History-Ch'ingdynasty,1644-1912.i..China•History-2.othcentury.I.Title.II.Title;Chung-kuochin-taishih.DS754.H742000Printing(number);1098765432IPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaon
6、acid-freepaper2(-2.01.";"-25·1737.3TotheMemoryofJohnKingFairbankPrefaceChina?Thereliesasleepinggiant.Lethimsleep.Forwhenhewakeshewillmovetheworld.NapoleonAmajorshapingforceofmodernChinawasthesearchforawaytosurvivewithhonorinthenewworldthathadbeenforciblyth
7、rustuponitbytheWest.Foracenturyandahalf,Chinaunderwentdif•ferentstagesofself-improvementtoovercomethetwinevilsofde•bilitatinginertiafromdomesticdecayandhumiliatingexploitationbyforeignimperialism.ThesestagesincludedtheSelf-StrengtheningMovementof1861-1895,
8、theHundred-DayReformof1898,theRe•publicanRevolutionor19.I2,theIntellectualRevolutionof1919,theNationalistNation-Buildingof1928-1948,'andtheCommunistRevo•lutionof1949.Eachstepwasahardstruggleandhaditssuccesses
