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1、在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。何谓“contract”?1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:AcontactinthisLawreferstoanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorg
2、anizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。,StevenH.Gifts编著的“LawDictionary”中将contract定义为“contractisapromise,orasetofpromises,forbreachofwhichthelawgivesremedy,ortheperformanceofthewhichthelawinsomewayrecognizeasaduty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承
3、诺看做是一种补偿。L.BCurzon在其编撰的字典“ADictionaryofLaw”给contract的定义:“Contractisalegallybindingagreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contractisanagreement”,即可将合同说成是“Anagreementwhichbindsthepartiesconcerned”或者说合同说成是“Anagreementwhichisenforceablebylaw”,也可以说:Contrac
4、tsarepromisesthatthelawwillenforce。何谓“Agreement”?L.B“Aconsensusofmind,orevidenceofsuchconsensus,inspokeorwrittenform,relatingtoanythingdoneortobedone.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。Black"LawDictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“Aconcordofunderstanding
5、andintentionbetweentwoormorepartieswithrespecttotheeffectupontheirrelativerightsandduties,ofcertainpastorfuturefactsorperformance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。另一个是:“Theconsentoftwoormorepersonsconcurringrespectingthetransmissiono
6、fsomeproperty,rightorbenefits,withtheviewofcontactinganobligation,amutualobligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。L.BCurzon编著的“ADictionofLaw”提到:“
7、Contractgenerallyinvolves”1.offerandabsoluteandunqualifiedacceptance(要约和绝对接受)2.consensusadidem(意思表示一致,也叫meetingofminds)3.intentiontocreatelegalrelations(建立合同关系的意愿)4.genuinenessofconsent(同意的真实性)5.contractualcapacityoftheparties(合同当事人的缔约能力)6.legalityofobject(标
8、的物的合法性)7.possibilityofperformance(履行的可能性)8.certaintyofterms(条款的确定性)9.valuableconsideration(等价有偿)Black’LawDictionary"中解释道:Althoughoftenusedassynonymswith"contract",agreementisabroaderterm,e.g.ana