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1、JOURNALOFAPPLIEDPHYSICS107,0149122010Vacuumspacechargeeffectinlaser-basedsolid-statephotoemissionspectroscopy1,231,2241J.Graf,S.Hellmann,C.Jozwiak,C.L.Smallwood,Z.Hussain,R.A.Kaindl,331,2,aL.Kipp,K.Rossnagel,andA.Lanzara1MaterialsSciencesDivision,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,Berkeley,Calif
2、ornia94720,USA2DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California94720,USA3InstituteforExperimentalandAppliedPhysics,UniversityofKiel,D-24098Kiel,Germany4AdvancedLightSource,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,Berkeley,California94720,USAReceived2September2009;accepted17November2009;pub
3、lishedonline12January2010Wereportasystematicmeasurementofthespacechargeeffectobservedinthefew-picosecondlaserpulseregimeinlaser-basedsolid-statephotoemissionspectroscopyexperiments.ThebroadeningandtheshiftofagoldFermiedgeasafunctionofspotsize,laserpower,andemissionanglearecharacterizedforpulseleng
4、thsof6psand6eVphotonenergy.TheresultsareusedasabenchmarkforanN-bodynumericalsimulationandarecomparedtodifferentregimesusedinphotoemissionspectroscopy.Theseresultsprovideanimportantreferenceforthedesignoftime-andangle-resolvedphotoemissionspectroscopysetupsandnext-generationlightsources.©2010America
5、nInstituteofPhysics.doi:10.1063/1.3273487I.INTRODUCTIONregimebecomesimperative.Arecentstudyofthespacechargeeffectusinglaser-basedARPESwith7eVphotonElectronstravelinginvacuumtoameasurementappara-energyand10pslongpulsesuggeststhatthespacechargetuswillrepeleachotherbecauseoftheirmutualCoulombeffectp
6、laysaminorroleinthisregime,thankstothemirrorinteraction.IfacloudofelectronsissufÞcientlydense,thischargeeffectthatnearlycancelsthespacechargeeffectinvacuumspacechargeeffectcanalterthetime,energy,and10the1Ð10pspulseduration.spatialspreadofthecloud,limitingexperimentalresolutionHereweexpandtheseresul
7、tsbyreportingasystematic1Ð4andresultinginsystematicmeasurementerrors.studyofthespacechargeeffectonpolycrystallinegoldinThespacechargeeffecthasbeenaddressedmostlyforlaser-basedphotoemissionspectroscopyinthei
