原子物理讲义 amo_5

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1、Contents4E®ectsoftheNucleusonAtomicStructure14.1Hyper¯neinteraction...............................24.1.1Introduction...............................24.1.2Classicalanalysisofthemagnetichyper¯neinteraction........24.1.3Quantummechanicaltreatment..............

2、.......54.1.4Hyper¯nestructureatzeromagnetic¯eld...............64.1.5Electricquadrupoleinteraction.....................74.1.6Orderofmagnitudeofhyper¯nestructure...............74.2IsotopeE®ects..................................84.2.1Masse®ect...............

3、.................84.2.2Volumee®ect...............................95AtomsinMagneticFields115.1TheLand¶eg-factor................................115.1.1Magneticmomentofcirculatingcharge(classical)...........115.1.2Intrinsicelectronspinandmagneticmoment.......

4、......125.1.3VectormodeloftheLand¶eg-factor...................125.2Hyper¯nestructureinanapplied¯eld.....................135.2.1Low¯eld.................................135.2.2High¯eld.................................145.2.3Generalsolution...................

5、..........15iiiCONTENTSChapter4E®ectsoftheNucleusonAtomicStructureUntilnowwehavediscussedatomsasifthenucleiwerepointchargeswithnostructureandin¯nitemass.Realnucleihave¯nitemass,possiblynon-zeroangularmomentum,I,andachargewhichisspreadoutovera¯nitevolume.As

6、aresult,theypossessmagneticdipolemomentsandelectricquadrupolemomentscoupledtotheangularmomentum,andpossiblyhighermomentsaswell.Allofthesepropertiesa®ecttheatomicenergylevelsatalevelabout10¡5rydberg.Here'sacatalogofthesee®ects:CauseResultHowObservedFiniteMa

7、ssMassShiftIsotopeshiftsFiniteVolumeofChargeVolumeShiftMagneticDipole(I¸1=2)Hyper¯nestructureEnergysplittingsElectricQuadrupole(I¸1)Hyper¯nestructureThe¯rsttwoe®ectsproduceonlyasmallshiftofthespectralline,andthustheonlyquantityaccessibletomeasurementisthev

8、ariationofthelinepositionbetweendi®erentisotopesofthesameelement.(Inatomswithonlyoneortwoelectronsitmaybepossibletopredictthepositionofalinewithsigni¯cantaccuracytodeducetheisotopeshiftabsolutely.)Laserspectr