types of reaction…：反应类型…

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1、TYPESOFREACTIONS1.Additionreaction:anatom(orgroup)isaddedacrossadouble/triplebond.2.Substitutionreaction:anatom(orgroup)replacesanotheratominamolecule.3.Eliminationreaction:somethingisremovedinamoleculetocreateamultiplebond.(Reverseofadditionreactions)4.Oxidation/Reduction:bothreac

2、tiontakeplacetogether,anytimeonespeciesgetsoxidized(lossofelectron)thenanotherspecieshastogetreduced(gainselectron)a.Oxidation:carbonatomsformmorebondstooxygen(doublebond)orlessbondstohydrogen.b.Reduction:carbonatomsformfewerbondstooxygen(singlebond)ormorebondstohydrogen.c.Thereare

3、specificchemicalsthatwilloxidizeorreduceaspecifictypeoffunctionalgroup.Oxidation-Reduction:Aquickoverviewtoberevisitedinelectrochemistryunit.SymmetricalversusAsymmetricalReactingspecies:Moleculesbeingaddedalso:Markovnikov’sRule:ahalide(F,Cl,Br,I)orOHgroupinanadditionreactionisadded

4、tomoresubstitutedcarbonatom(carbonswithhighestnumberofalkylgroupsattachedtoit).However,theproductswillpredominantlyfollowtherulehoweveraminoramountwillnot.PreambletoMarkovnikov’srule:3˚>2˚>1˚Forthepeoplethatwanttoknowwhy?ADDITIONREACTIONSINALKENESANDALKYNES1.Hydrogenation:Hydrogeni

5、saddedinthepresenceofanappropriatecatalyst(Pd,PtorNi).H2C=CH2+1H2àCH3-CH3HC=CH+2H2àCH3-CH3Practicalapplication:Usedtoconvertvegetableoilsintomargarineandsolidcookingfats.2.Hydrohalogenation:AdditionofanyHX,whereX=F,Cl,Br,I.CH3CH=CH2+HClà3.Halogenation:AdditionofF2,Br2,Cl2orI2,thisr

6、eactionisrapid,occursatroomtemperatureintheabsenceoflight,andwithoutliberationofHClorHBrgas.(CatalystneededforexampleH2O2)1.Hydration:AdditionofHOHacrossanunsaturatedbond.(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)5.NoAdditionreactionsinBENZENEofanykind.NOTALLOWED!!Sinceitwillresultinalessstablespecies.SUBSTI

7、TUTIONREACTIONS6.Alkanes:Substitutionofanalkanewithahalideispossibleinthepresenceofacatalyst(hv).CH3-CH3+Br27.Benzene:Benzene’schemicalreactivityiscomparabletoalkanes.Forthatreasonbenzenemoleculescanonlyundergosubstitution.5.Amines:Reactionofanalkylhalidewithammoniainthepresenceofa

8、base(NaOH).ELIMINATIONREAC