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1、"PublicOpinion"andPoliticalPower:QingyiinLateNineteenthCenturyChinaAuthor(s):MaryBackusRankinSource:TheJournalofAsianStudies,Vol.41,No.3(May,1982),pp.453-484Publishedby:AssociationforAsianStudiesStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2055244.Accessed:04/0
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4、rveandextendaccesstoTheJournalofAsianStudies.http://www.jstor.orgVOL.XLI,No.3JOURNALOFASIANSTUDIESMAY1982"PublicOpinion"andPoliticalPower:QingyiinLateNineteenthCenturyChinaMARYBACKUSRANKINInthelate1890s,politicalandideologicalchangesproduceddramaticepiso
5、desofreformandrevolutionthatin1911endedtheimperialsysteminChina.Partofthisprocesswasthegrowthofanationallyconsciouspublicopinion,whichstimu-lateddemandsforredistributionofpoliticalpowerandledtonewformsofgrouporganizationandaction.Areexaminationoftheevolu
6、tionof"purediscussion"(qingyi)inthemetropolitanbureaucracyduringthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyprovidesnewperspectivesonthesestillimperfectlyunderstooddevelopmentsandleavesuswithabetterunderstandingofwhyexpandingpoliticalawarenessledtoalienationfrom
7、existingauthority.Purediscussionmeanscritical,buttheoreticallydisinterested,expressionofopinion.Ithadalong,albeitdiscontinuous,historythroughoutthemanycenturiesofimperialrule(Eastman1965:597-98).Sometimesittooktheformofbroadlyreformistpublicdissentfromgo
8、vernmentpolicies,whichmightbeassociatedwithmilitantpatriotismasduringtheSouthernSongdynasty.Atothertimes,qingyiappearedtofocusonnarrowissuesofprocedureorritualortodeteriorateintoavehicleforpetty,irresponsiblecareerismwithi
