derivatives of hydrocarbons：碳氢化合物的衍生物

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1、NAMINGORGANICCOMPOUNDSImportantprefixes:met-et-prop-but-pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec-monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca12345678910undec-dodec-tridec-icosa-11121320Valenceofelementsinorganiccompounds·CARBONalwaystetravalent·NITROGENtrivalent·OXYGENbivalent·SULPHURbivalent·HYDROGENmonovalen

2、t·HALOGENSmonovalentTypesofbonds:1)single(-ane)®saturatedhydrocarbons2)double(-ene)ortriple(-yne)®unsaturated3)conjugated(planarcycle:arens)8DERIVATIVESOFHYDROCARBONS-thenameofthecompoundisderivedfromthenameofthebasicunbranchedhydrocarbonALCOHOLSR―OH(R=alkyl)·suffix:-ol(ethanol)·suffix:-diol

3、(ethane-1,2-diol,ethyleneglycol)·alkyl+alcohol(ethylalcohol)·primary,secondary,tertiaryalcohols·monofunctional/polyfunctionalalcoholsPHENOLSAr―OH(Ar=aryl)·common(trivial)namesTHIOLS(MERCAPTANS)R―SH·suffix:-thiol(methanethiol)/-dithiol·alkylmercaptan(methylmercaptan)·alkylhydrosulfide(methylh

4、ydrosulfide)·phenol→thiophenol8ETHERSR1―O―R2(R=alkyloraryl)·alkylether(ethylmethylether)·alkoxyhydrocarbon(methoxyethane)SULFIDESR1―S―R2(R=alkyloraryl)·alkylsulfide(ethylmethylsulfide)ALDEHYDESR―CHO(R=H,alkyloraryl)·suffix:-al(methanal)·carboxylicacid(trivialname)+aldehyde(formicacid→formald

5、ehyde)·cycloalkanecarbaldehydeKETONESR1―CO―R2(R=alkyloraryl)·suffix:-one(propanone)·alkylketone(dimethylketone)·trivialnames(acetone)·diketonesderivedfromarens:-quinone8AMINES-derivedfromammonia:H(s)replacedbyalkyl(s)·primary:R―NH2*alkylamine(methylamine)*hydrocarbonamine(methanamine)·second

6、ary:R1―NH―R2*alkyl1(alkyl2)amineethyl(methyl)amine*N-alkylhydrocarbonamineN-methylethanamine·tertiary:R1―NR2―R3*alkyl1(alkyl2)alkyl3amine*alkyl1(alkyl2)hydrocarbonamine·quarternaryammoniumbase:4alkyls-N+*(multiple)alkylammonium(=cation)e.g.tetramethylammonium-chlorideCATIONANION-------------

7、-------------------------------------------------------------·trivialnames(aniline)8AZODYESAr1―N═N―Ar2·hydrocarbon(largerone)azohydrocarbon·azohydrocarbon(Ar1=Ar2)(azobenzene)NITROCOMPOUNDSR―NO2·prefix:nitro-(nitromethane)SULFONICACIDSR―SO3H·hydroc