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1、1INTRODUCTIONTOENGINESEquationChapter1Section1ImportantTermsforChapter1engineinternalcombustionenginesreactiveengineexternalcombustionenginesnon-reactiveengineunsteadyorbatchflowenginesair-limitedsteady-flowengines1.1WhatisanEngine?Enginesaremachinesthatproduce
2、mechanicalworkfromanenergyresource.Whilethisbroaddefinitionencompassesmanythingsbesidespiston-cylinderdevices,manyengines,bothhistoricandmodern,utilizeapistonslidinginacylinder.PriortotheIndustrialRevolution,someveryearlyenginesutilizedtheactionofanexplosionina
3、cylindertoraiseaweight,followedbyharnessingthepotentialenergyofthefallingweightundergravity.Intheearlyyearsofindustrialization,largepiston-cylindermachinesdrivenbysteamwereconnectedtooverheadbeamswhichprovidedarockingmotiontopumpwaterfromundergroundmines.Astech
4、nologyprogressedduringtheheartoftheIndustrialRevolution,highpressurefluidswereusedtocreatemechanicalshaftworktopowerfactorymachines,andlateron,fortransportation.Twocenturiesago,JamesWattdevelopedasunandplanetgeararrangementtoconvertthelinearpistonmotiontorotary
5、motion,laterfollowedbythenowconventionalcrank-slidermechanism.Thisintroductorychaptergivesabriefhistoryofenginedevelopment,notonlytoprovideaframeworkforunderstandingmodernengines,butalsotoillustratetheinterrelationofdifferenttypesofenginesusingthe“familytree”sh
6、owninFigure1-1.Specifichistoricalexamples(approximatelyinchronologicalorder)areusedtoillustrateeachenginetype.Whileourdefinitionofengineisbroad,theword“engine”oftenconnoteswhatwe’vecometoknowasacarengine,ormorespecifically,areciprocatingpistoninternalcombustion
7、engine(batchprocess).Thatnameisprecise,butcumbersome,andveryoftentheseenginesaresimplyreferredtoas“internalcombustionengines.”Thoseenginesarethefocusofthisbookandareshowninthefigureastheboxed,bottomentryonthefamilytree.12Figure1-1:Engineclassificationfamilytree
8、:thefocusofthisbookwillbereactive,internalcombustion,reciprocating-batch/unsteadyengines(dashedbox).1.2ReactiveandNon-ReactiveEnginesInareactiveengine,theenergyresourceische
