操作系统-Computer Architecture Review.pdf

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1、ENIAC(1946)!ElectronicNumericalIntegratorComputerandCalculator"ConsideredbymosttobetheArchitecturefirstelectroniccomputer"Vacuumtubes,punchcardsReview"50,000+timesslowerthanmylaptopICS332-Spring2012"100ftlongOperatingSystems!eachregister:20ft"Programmingwi

2、thwiresHenriCasanova(henric@hawaii.edu)Von-NeumannVon-NeumannModel!In1944,JohnvonNeumannjoinedENIACCPUMemory!Hewroteamemoaboutcomputerarchitecture,formalizingENIACideasI/O"EckertandMauchlyhaveprettymuchbeenSystemforgotten(theywereinthetrenches)!Amazingly,i

3、t’sstillpossibletothinkofthecomputerthisway!TheseideasbecametheVonNeumannataconceptuallevel(modelfrom~70yearsago!!!)architecturemodel!Butacomputertoday"Aprocessorthatperformsoperationsanddoesn’tlookquitelikethiscontrolsallthathappens"e.g.,therearebusses"Am

4、emorythatcontainscodeanddata"I/OofsomekindDataStoredinMemoryConceptualViewofMemoryaddresscontent!Thebasicunitofmemoryisabyte"1Byte=8bits000000000000000001101110"1KiB=210Byte=1024bytes000000000000000111110100"1MiB=210KiB=220bytes(~1Million)00000000000000100

5、0000000"1GiB=210MiB=230bytes(~1Billion)"1TiB=210GiB=240bytes(~1Trillion)000000000000001100000000"1PiB=210TiB=250bytes(~1000Trillion)000000000000010001011110"1EiB=210PiB=260bytes(~1MillionTrillion)000000000000010110101101!Oftenthe“i”aboveismissing,buttobepe

6、rfectlycorrect:"e.g.,1GB=109bytes,but1GiB=230bytes000000000000011000000001!Eachbyteinmemoryislabeledbyauniqueaddress000000000000011101000000"“ReadthebyteataddressX”000000000000100011110101"“WritethebyteataddressX”!Alldatainmemoryisnumericandstoredinbinary.

7、.....ConceptualViewofMemoryConceptualViewofMemoryaddresscontentaddresscontent00000000000000000110111000000000000000000110111000000000000000011111010000000000000000011111010000000000000000100000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000110000000000000000000

8、0001100000000000000000000010001011110000000000000010001011110000000000000010110101101000000000000010110101101Ataddress0000000000000010Ataddress0000000000000100000000000000011000000001000000000000011000000001t