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1、29.9Kern19/9/053:10PMPage33NATURE
2、Vol437
3、29September2005
4、doi:10.1038/nature04166INSIGHTREVIEWEngineeringatomicandmolecularnanostructuresatsurfaces1,231,3JohannesV.Barth,GiovanniCostantini&KlausKernThefabricationmethodsofthemicroelectronicsindustryhavebeenrefinedtopr
5、oduceeversmallerdevices,butwillsoonreachtheirfundamentallimits.Apromisingalternativeroutetoevensmallerfunctionalsystemswithnanometredimensionsistheautonomousorderingandassemblyofatomsandmoleculesonatomicallywell-definedsurfaces.Thisapproachcombineseaseoffabricationw
6、ithexquisitecontrolovertheshape,compositionandmesoscaleorganizationofthesurfacestructuresformed.Oncethemechanismscontrollingtheself-orderingphenomenaarefullyunderstood,theself-assemblyandgrowthprocessescanbesteeredtocreateawiderangeofsurfacenanostructuresfrommetalli
7、c,semiconductingandmolecularmaterials.1Inhisclassictalkof1959,RichardP.Feynmanpointedoutthatthereis“plentyofroomatthebottom”.Hepredictedexcitingnewphenom-mmenathatmightrevolutionizescienceandtechnologyandaffectoureverydaylives—ifonlyweweretogainprecisecontrolovermat
8、ter,downtotheatomiclevel.Thedecadessincethenhaveseentheinven-tionofthescanningtunnellingmicroscopethatallowsustoimageand2,3manipulateindividualmoleculesandatoms.WealsohaveaccesstoTopdownnanostructuredmaterialswithextraordinaryfunctionalproperties,4,5suchassemiconduc
9、torquantumdotsandcarbonnanotubes,andaµmgrowingunderstandingofhowstructuralfeaturescontrolthefunctionofsuchsmallsystems.NanotechnologyThesecomplementarydevelopmentsaredifferentaspectsofnanotechnology,whichaimstocreateandusestructures,devicesandsystemsinthesizerangeof
10、about0.1–100nm(coveringtheatomic,molecularandmacromolecularlengthscales).Becauseofthisfocusonthenanometrescale,nanotechnologymightmeettheBottomupemergingneedsofindustriesthathavethrivedoncontinuedminia-nmturizationandnowfaceseriousdifficultiesinupholdingthetrend,67p
11、articularlyinmicroelectronicsandmagneticdatastorage.Butevenifnanosystemsandnanodeviceswithsuitableperformancecharacteristicsareavailable,n
