古代近东教学ppt课件

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1、PartTwoEgyptianCivilization--“TheGiftoftheNile”*GeographicalFactors*BriefHistory*PeopleandSociety*CultureofEgyptOutlineTheNileRiver:thelongestintheworldGeographicalFactorsTheNileasthekeyfactor.UpperEgypt(landupstreamtothesouth)andLowerEgypt(downstream

2、,thedeltainthenorth:twomajorbranches,importantcitiesdevelopedhere).Thefertilesilt(淤泥)(“BlackLand”)onbothbanksaftertheannualflood(gradualandpredictable)lesslaborintensiveagriculture(morerural,smallpopulationcenters).GeographicalFactorsDeserts(“RedLand”)to

3、thewestandeast;cataracts(rapids,急流)onthesouthernpartoftheNile;theMediterraneanSeatothenorthnaturalbarriersrelativeisolationawayfrominvasionsenseofsecurity.RegularityoftheNilefloods(annualoverflow)+relativeisolationoftheEgyptiansasenseofsecurity/afeel

4、ingofchangelessnessabeliefincyclicalratherthanlinearprogressaremarkabledegreeofcontinuityofcivilizationoverthousandyears.ArchitecturalsitesinancientEgyptwereconcentratedontheNileRiverbetweentheMediterraneanSeainthenorthandtheFirstCataract,thefirstmajors

5、ectionofrapidsontheNileRiver,atAswāninthesouth.BriefHistoryAncientEgypt,(around3100–332/30BC),wasthelongest-livedcivilizationoftheancientworld.Dynasticrulebypharaoh[法老,king,originallymeaning“greathouse”or“palace”].AncientEgyptianhistoryisdividedintothreep

6、eriodsofstability,eachfollowedbypoliticalchaos(knownastheIntermediatePeriods),altogether31dynastiesofkings.BriefHistory(pp.14-15)TheOldKingdom:2686-2125BC.WithMemphisasthecapital,anageofprosperityandsplendidconstructions(thegreatestandlargestpyramidsinEg

7、ypt’shistory)createdbyabsolutemonarchy.TheMiddleKingdom:2055-1650BC.WithThebesasthecapital,itwascharacterizedbypharaohs’newconcernforthepeople.Shepherdsinsteadofgod-kings.TheNewKingdom:1550-1085BC.Akhetaten.332BC,theconquestbyAlexandertheGreat.PeopleandSo

8、ciety1.PopulationAsancientEgyptwasanagriculturalsociety,itsdensestpopulationwasonthefloodplains.Onlyasmallfractionofthepopulationlivedincities&towns.Amajorcitygenerallyhadadenselypopulatedcenter,suchasMemphis,andThe