the evidence base of direct phonics：直接法的证据基础

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1、DirectPhonics14.7.06THEEVIDENCEBASEFORDIRECTPHONICSDrReaReasonEducationalSupportandInclusionSchoolofEducationTheUniversityofManchesterManchesterM139PL01612753460rea.reason@manchester.ac.uk1.INTERVENTIONATWAVE3Wave3interventionsinvolveassessmentofindividualneeds,strengthsandweaknessesan

2、dre-trackingofprogressinrelationtoNLStargets.Inplanningforthechildren,itisimportanttoconsidernotonlyliteracylearningbutalsoapproachesthatfacilitateparticipationinallareasofthecurriculum.Nevertheless,thefocusofthepresentdocumentisonadditionalliteracyinstructionintheformofWave3wordlevelp

3、rogrammes.Currentevidenceshowsthat,tobeeffective,suchprogrammesneedtocontainthefollowingelements:-incrementalcoverageofphonicswithinacumulativesequenceoflanguagetargets-methodsthatemphasisethelinksbetweenspeaking,listening,readingandwriting-repetitiontoensurelearningtothepointofmastery

4、/fluency-carefulassessmentandrecordkeepingshowingwhathasbeentaughtandwhatthechildhaslearntChildrenmayhavesemanticdifficultiesthathindercomprehensionofwhattheyarereadingandtheexpressionoftheirownideasinspeechandinwriting(Snowling,2002).Particularattentionthenhastobegiventoenhancingsente

5、nceandtextlevellearning.TheremayalsobeculturalorlinguisticreasonsthatmakeliteracylearninginEnglishmoredifficult.Thisdemonstratestheimportanceofmulti-disciplinaryplanningandinterventionwheretheNLSframeworkcanprovideacommonlanguageforallthoseinvolved.AccordingtoTorgesen(2002),acriticalch

6、allengeforresearchistodeterminetheappropriatebalancebetweenphonemicallyexplicitteachingandinstructioninbroadlanguageskills.Whatbalanceismosteffectiveinproducinglong-termresultsinreadingcomprehension,fluencyandenjoymentforchildren‘atrisk’?Iftheamountthatchildrenreaddeterminesfluencythen

7、childrenwithoutdifficultiesbecomefluentreadersbecausetheyreadalot.Childrenwhostruggleareleftbehindnotonlybecauseoftheirdifficultiesbutalsobecausetheyreadmuchless.Forthisreason,weneedtolookforlinksbetweenwordandtextlevellearningwithintheNLSand,inadditiontorepetitiveandcumulativewordle