legal positivism - brown university法律实证主义-布朗大学

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1、LegalPositivismH.L.A.Hartistheleadinglegalphilosopherofthe20thCentury.Hisformulationofthecoreclaimsoflegalpositivismhasprovidedthefocalpointforboththemajordevelopmentsinthetheoryandthemostimportantcriticismsofit.ThefullestaccountofHart’sviewispresentedintheclassic,TheConcep

2、tofLaw.InmanywayshisaccountisarticulatedinresponsetovariousshortcomingsheidentifiedinAustin’saccount.Austinisassociatedwiththeclaimthatthe‘keytothescienceofjurisprudence’liesintheclaimthatthe‘lawistheorderorcommandbackedbyathreatofasovereignproperlyso-called.’Thekeyconcepts

3、inAustin’saccountarecommands,sanctions,habitsofobedience(orcompliance)andthesovereign(notsovereignty).Hartarguedthattheseresourcesareinadequatetoexplainimportantaspectsofthetemporalandnormativedimensionsoflaw.Hartnotedtheobviousfactthatlawstypicallysurvivethesovereignwhoiss

4、uesthem,andthatthedirectivesofnewlyminted‘sovereigns’arelaw.NeitherfeatureoflawcanbeunderstoodwithintheAustinianframework.Thesovereignisthatpersonwhoisnotinthehabitofobeyingthedirectivesofothersandwhohimselfhassecuredthehabitofobedienceofothers,andsoasovereignisadefiniteper

5、son,nottheofficethatdifferentpersonsoccupy.Whenthesovereigndiessotoodohis‘laws.’Forthesamereasons,thefirstcommandofsomeonecannotbelawforthatindividualhasnotyetsecuredtherequisitehabitofobedience.Infact,however,thefirstdirectivesofauthorizedlegislaturesarelawpriortothepopula

6、tiondisplayingobediencetothem,andthedirectivesofauthorizedbodiesremainlawaftertheirdeparturefrom‘office.’Inanutshell,theproblemwiththeAustinianaccountisthattheexistenceofahabitofobedienceisinadequatetoexplaintheconceptof‘authorization’or‘authority’thatiscentraltoourundersta

7、ndingoflaw.Hart’sobjectionstotheAustinianaccountofwhatwemightcallthenormativeaspectsoflawwereequallydevastating,butintheendmoreimportanttothedevelopmentoflegalpositivismandvariousmodernalternativestoit.Thestructureoftheargumentisthesame.Lawsregulaterelationsamongindividuals

8、byimposingobligationsandconferringrights,privileges,powersandimmunities.Thelanguag